Frédéric Borel - Swiss Lawyer

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About

I passed the Swiss Bar Exam (Neuchâtel, 1993) and the California MPRE (Sacramento, 2010).

https://twitter.com/frederic_borel

fredericborel66(at)gmail.com


The purpose of this site is to select and translate parts of decisions of the US Supreme Court, other Courts and other Authorities which may be of interest to persons or legal entities doing business between the U.S. and Switzerland. I have chosen cases and issues which are particularly representative of the differences between U.S. and Swiss law and which could be interesting for the Trade community.


Each decision is posted according to the date of the decision, and is labelled with key words pertaining to the subject of the case. Those labels can be found below to help sort through the posts.

Decisions by Key Word:

  • "Express Advocacy" Standard (1)
  • §10(b) (3)
  • §10(b) and Rule 10b–5 (4)
  • §16(b) (1)
  • §1983 (4)
  • §1983 and DNA Testing (1)
  • 28 U.S.C. § 1782 (2)
  • 42 U. S. C. §1983 (12)
  • 9th Cir. (3)
  • ABA Guidelines (1)
  • ABA Model Rules (1)
  • Abortion (1)
  • Abstract Idea (1)
  • Abstract Ideas (1)
  • Abuse of Discretion (3)
  • Abuse-of-Discretion Standard (1)
  • Abusive Writ Practices (1)
  • Accrual and Limitations (2)
  • ACPA (1)
  • Acquittal (2)
  • Acquittals’ Preclusive Force (1)
  • Act of Congress (1)
  • Act of State Doctrine (1)
  • Action against the U.S. (3)
  • Action and Remedies (2)
  • Action in equity to enforce a contract-based lien (1)
  • Action to Quiet Title (1)
  • Actual authority (1)
  • Actual controversy must exist at all stages of review (1)
  • Actual damages (4)
  • Actual discharge (labor) (1)
  • ADA (1)
  • Adequate and independent state ground (1)
  • Adequate state ground doctrine (1)
  • Administration of justice (1)
  • Administrative procedure (federal) (2)
  • Administrative Procedure Act (4)
  • Administrative process (1)
  • Administrative search or seizure (1)
  • Admiralty (13)
  • Admiralty Jurisdiction (1)
  • Adverse employment action (1)
  • Adverse Possession (1)
  • Adverse publicity (1)
  • Advertisement (5)
  • Advertising (4)
  • Advertising (Comparative) (1)
  • Advertising Injury (1)
  • Advisers (1)
  • Advisory opinions (1)
  • AEDPA (5)
  • AEDPA deference (1)
  • AEDPA: imposes a highly deferential standard for evaluating state-court rulings (1)
  • Affidavits (2)
  • Affirmative Action (1)
  • Affirmative defense (2)
  • Age Discrimination in Employment Act (1)
  • Age Dis­crimination in Employment Act of 1967 (1)
  • Agency (8)
  • Agency law (1)
  • Agency relationship (3)
  • Agency's interpretation (2)
  • Agent (3)
  • Aggravated felonies (2)
  • Aggravated felony (2)
  • Aggravating factors (3)
  • Aggregate diversion ratio (1)
  • Agreement (implicit; to devise; to carry out) (1)
  • Agreements to arbitrate to be enforced both in state and federal courts (2)
  • Aiders and abettors (1)
  • Aiding and Abetting (2)
  • Air Waybill (1)
  • Aircrafts (1)
  • Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 (1)
  • Algorithms (2)
  • Alien (1)
  • Alien Tort Statute (2)
  • Alito (51)
  • ALJ (2)
  • All sums (1)
  • All Writs Act (3)
  • Allision (1)
  • Alter-Ego Theory (3)
  • Alternate penalty (1)
  • Alternate penalty provision (1)
  • Amazon (2)
  • Amended pleadings (1)
  • American rule (4)
  • Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (1)
  • Ames (1)
  • Animal cruelty (1)
  • Animals (1)
  • Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 (1)
  • Anti-SLAPP Law (2)
  • Anti-trust offenses (1)
  • Anticybersquatting (1)
  • Antidumping Duties (2)
  • Antidumping Duty (2)
  • Antiretaliation suit (1)
  • Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (2)
  • Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996: application prior to that law (1)
  • Antitrust (75)
  • Antitrust (foreign) (6)
  • Antitrust (ICC Compendium) (1)
  • Antitrust & IP (1)
  • Antitrust Analytical Template (CH Law) (1)
  • Antitrust proceeding (third party) (5)
  • Antitrust sanction (5)
  • Antitrust: Economic Analysis (1)
  • Appeal (4)
  • Appeal (direct) (1)
  • Appeal brought by a prevailing party (1)
  • Appellate review (1)
  • Apportion a public improve­ment project’s costs (1)
  • Apprendi (2)
  • Appropriate action (1)
  • Appropriation (1)
  • Arbitrability (2)
  • Arbitrage (1)
  • arbitrary and capricious policy; exclusion and deportation (1)
  • Arbitrary and capricious standard (1)
  • Arbitration (34)
  • Arbitration (can non-signatory enforce arbitration?) (1)
  • Arbitration (invalidation) (1)
  • Arbitration and judicial review (1)
  • Arbitration contract’s formation (2)
  • Arbitration stayed when third parties involved (1)
  • Arbitrator's powers (2)
  • Arizona (2)
  • Arizona Law (1)
  • Arizona’s matching funds provision (1)
  • Armed Career Criminal Act (1)
  • Armed Forces (1)
  • Army Corps of Engineers (1)
  • Arraignment (2)
  • Art IV §1 (1)
  • Art. III Court (6)
  • Art. III judicial power (3)
  • Article I courts (1)
  • Article I tribunal (1)
  • Article II courts (1)
  • Article III case or controversy (3)
  • Articles of Confederation (1)
  • Artificial Intelligence (2)
  • Artworks - Stolen (1)
  • Asbestos (8)
  • Asportation (1)
  • Asset Purchase Agreement (2)
  • Assigned counsel (1)
  • Assignment (5)
  • Assignment of IP (1)
  • Assignments (4)
  • Assignor Estoppel (1)
  • Association (1)
  • Asylum (1)
  • ATA Carnet (2)
  • Attachment of a Vessel (1)
  • Attorney (8)
  • Attorney (Holiday) (1)
  • Attorney client privilege (2)
  • Attorney fee dispute (2)
  • Attorney Fees (1)
  • Attorney fees (California): procedure for their recovery (1)
  • Attorney fees (v. insur. comp.) (1)
  • Attorney fees and costs (1)
  • Attorney fees in contract actions based on a book account. (1)
  • Attorney in California: admission’s conditions (1)
  • Attorney-client privilege (6)
  • Attorney: appointed counsel: replacement of counsel (1)
  • Attorney: effective assistance of counsel (2)
  • Attorney: ineffective assistance of counsel (6)
  • Attorney: ineffective assistance of counsel: plea offer (1)
  • Attorney: ineffective ­assistance-of-trial-counsel (2)
  • Attorney: malpractice action (1)
  • Attorney: motion to substitute counsel (1)
  • Attorney: public defender (1)
  • Attorney: right to counsel (2)
  • Attorney: Sixth Amendment ineffective assistance of counsel (1)
  • Attorney: solicitation of clients (1)
  • Attorney’s errors during an appeal on direct review (1)
  • Attorney’s fee: in civil rights actions (1)
  • Attorney's fees (7)
  • Attorney’s fees (3)
  • Attorney's fees (shifting) (1)
  • Attorney’s fees in California (1)
  • Attorney’s fees: claims against the Government (1)
  • Attorney’s fees: ERISA (1)
  • Attorney's fees: permanent injunction but no monetary damages (1)
  • Attorney's fees: provided by a statute (1)
  • Attorney's fees: provided by a statute or contract (1)
  • Automated (or automatic) external defibrillator (1)
  • Aval (1)
  • Bad faith (5)
  • Bad faith conversion (bankruptcy) (1)
  • Bad faith litigation (2)
  • Bad-faith liti­gation conduct (1)
  • Bail (2)
  • Bailment (1)
  • Balancing-of-interests test (1)
  • Bank (1)
  • Bank account (3)
  • Bankruptcy (16)
  • Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 (1)
  • Bankruptcy Act of 1978 (1)
  • Bareboat Charters (1)
  • Batson (1)
  • Bayh-Dole Act (1)
  • Benefits of transacting business in California (1)
  • Berne Convention (1)
  • Better Business Bureau’s CARU Program (1)
  • Beverage (1)
  • Beyond a reasonable doubt (5)
  • Bias (5)
  • Bill of attain­der (1)
  • Bill of complaint (1)
  • Bill of exchange (1)
  • Bill of lading (5)
  • Bill of Rights (2)
  • Bill of rights: incorporation (1)
  • Bill of Sale (1)
  • Bitcoin (1)
  • Bivens (4)
  • Blockchain (2)
  • Blogs (1)
  • Blood and breath tests (1)
  • Blue sky laws (1)
  • Bluetooth (1)
  • Board of directors (2)
  • Brady violations (1)
  • Breach of Contract (5)
  • Breach of Privacy (1)
  • Break in Miranda custody (1)
  • Brennan (1)
  • Brexit (1)
  • Breyer (55)
  • British Parliament (1)
  • Brown Act (1)
  • Brown Shoe Practical Indicia (1)
  • Browsewrap Agreements (2)
  • Brussels Regulation (1)
  • Buckley (2)
  • Bulk supplier doctrine (1)
  • Burden of proof (1)
  • Burger (1)
  • Burglary (1)
  • Burglary (California law) (1)
  • Business Interruption Insurance (1)
  • Business Name (1)
  • Business secret (1)
  • Business Visitor Visa (B-1) (1)
  • Cal/OSHA (1)
  • CALCRIM No. 1801 (1)
  • CALCRIM No. 1703 (1)
  • CALCRIM No. 1800 (1)
  • CALCRIM No. 1861 (1)
  • California Bar Journal (1)
  • California Law (230)
  • California Online Privacy Protection Act of 2003 (1)
  • California Street Terrorism Enforcement and Prevention Act (1)
  • California Supreme Court (1)
  • California’s homestead exemption (1)
  • California’s prison population (1)
  • California’s public policy (1)
  • California’s unfair competition law (1)
  • Campaign finance (1)
  • Cancel the removal of an alien (1)
  • Cancellation (1)
  • Cancellation (Trademark) (3)
  • Capable of repetition while evading review (2)
  • Capacity (2)
  • Care (1)
  • Care: general duty to exercise reasonable care (1)
  • Carriage of Goods by Sea Act (1)
  • Carrier (1)
  • cartels (1)
  • Cartwright Act (1)
  • Case or controversy (1)
  • Casino (1)
  • Causal link (1)
  • Causation (5)
  • Causation Experts (1)
  • Cause in fact (1)
  • Cause of action (5)
  • Cause: aggregate causation (1)
  • Cause: significant causal link (1)
  • Causes of action (1)
  • CDA (1)
  • CE Marking (1)
  • Cease and desist order (4)
  • Cease-and-Desist Letter (2)
  • Cell phones (2)
  • CEO (1)
  • Certificate of ap­pealability (1)
  • Certificate of Origin (4)
  • Certificates of deposit (1)
  • Certification (3)
  • Certification Marks (1)
  • Certifying Labs (2)
  • Certiorari (2)
  • CFAA (1)
  • CFR (1)
  • Changes in the debtor’s income or expenses (1)
  • Chapter 11 (5)
  • Chapter 12 (1)
  • Chapter 13 (3)
  • Chapter 13 bankruptcy (1)
  • Chapter 7 bankruptcy (2)
  • Chapter 7: exemptions (1)
  • Character evidence to prove conduct (1)
  • Charging Order (1)
  • Charter Party (1)
  • Check (1)
  • Check : interests: damages for breach of the underlying obligation (1)
  • Checks and balances (1)
  • Chevron (5)
  • Chevron deference (6)
  • Chevron Framework (1)
  • Child abduction (4)
  • Child abduction: Hague Convention: statutes of limitations: equitable tolling (1)
  • Child under 14 (1)
  • Child: Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (Convention) and the implementing statute (1)
  • Child’s age (1)
  • Child's statement at trial (2)
  • Children (1)
  • Children: right of posthumously conceived children (1)
  • Children’s access to depictions of violence (1)
  • Children’s Advertising Review Unit’s (CARU) COPPA Safe Harbor Program (1)
  • Children's Online Privacy (3)
  • Choice of law (5)
  • Choice of venue (1)
  • Choice-of-law (4)
  • Choice-of-Law Clause (1)
  • Church of England (1)
  • CIF Contracts (1)
  • Circuit precedent (2)
  • Circuit split (9)
  • Circumstantial Evidence (2)
  • Citable Cases (1)
  • Citation to Authority (1)
  • Citizenship of a Corporation (1)
  • Civil commitment (1)
  • Civil Conspiracy Claim (1)
  • Civil Investigative Demands (1)
  • Civil Procedure (10)
  • Civil Procedure (Swiss Law) (1)
  • Civil procedure §410.10 (Cal.) (1)
  • Civil rights (2)
  • Civil Rights Act (2)
  • Civil Rights Act of 1964 (1)
  • Civil Rights Act of 1991 (1)
  • Civil rights: 42 U. S. C. §1983 (1)
  • Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 (2)
  • Civil-law mode of criminal procedure (1)
  • Claim accrual (3)
  • Claim and issue preclusion (1)
  • Claim preclusion (1)
  • Claim-processing or jurisdictional? (1)
  • Claim-processing rule (1)
  • Claim-processing rules (2)
  • Claims all record based or resolvable as a matter of law (1)
  • Claims-processing rules (2)
  • Class action (14)
  • Class action (California) (2)
  • Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 (2)
  • Class action: amount in controversy (1)
  • Class actions (9)
  • Class actions and mass actions (1)
  • Class actions: diversity suits (1)
  • Class actions: loss causation (1)
  • Class actions: methods to manage individual issues (1)
  • Class arbitration (3)
  • Class certification (3)
  • Class waivers in consumer arbitration agreements (2)
  • Classification (trademark) (1)
  • Classified documents (1)
  • Clayton Act (2)
  • Clean Air Act (1)
  • Clean Water Act (2)
  • Clear and convincing evidence (4)
  • Clear error (1)
  • Clear error of law (1)
  • Clear notice (1)
  • Clear-statement rule (1)
  • Clearly erroneous standard (1)
  • Clearly established federal law (3)
  • Clickwrap Agreements (2)
  • Coercion (1)
  • Coercive effects of prior custody (1)
  • COGSA (1)
  • Collateral (2)
  • Collateral attack (1)
  • Collateral consequence (1)
  • Collateral estoppel (2)
  • Collateral order appeal (2)
  • Collateral proceeding (1)
  • Collateral review (1)
  • Collective bargaining agreement (1)
  • Collective-bargaining agreement (1)
  • Collective-bargaining agreements (1)
  • Colonial era (1)
  • Colonies (1)
  • Colorado Law (1)
  • Combox (1)
  • Comity (16)
  • Comity and federalism (1)
  • Commerce Clause (3)
  • Commercial exception (1)
  • Commercial General Liability Insurance (1)
  • Commercial Purchaser (1)
  • Commercial solicitation (1)
  • Commercial speech (3)
  • Commingling (1)
  • Committee report (1)
  • Common carrier (2)
  • Common fund doctrine (1)
  • Common law (86)
  • Common law (incorporation of) (1)
  • Common law action for conversion (1)
  • Common law and Clean Air Act (1)
  • Common law bad faith (1)
  • Common law in California (2)
  • Common law liability (1)
  • Common law mark (2)
  • Common law single-publication rule (1)
  • Common law: authority to fashion contractual remedies (1)
  • Common law: pre-emption (1)
  • Common law: relations between common law and statutes (3)
  • Common law: right of public access (1)
  • Common law: trust: Indian tribes (1)
  • Common-Law Duty (1)
  • Common-law immunities (1)
  • Common-law tort actions (1)
  • Common-law torts (1)
  • Common-law trespass (1)
  • Compact clause (1)
  • Compacts (1)
  • Comparative fault (1)
  • Comparative impairment inquiry (1)
  • Compelling interest (1)
  • Compensation (2)
  • Compensation for donning-and-doffing (1)
  • Compensatory damages (2)
  • Competition (56)
  • Competition law (13)
  • Component parts rule (1)
  • Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (1)
  • Compulsory process clause (1)
  • Computer Law (6)
  • Computer Programs (1)
  • Concerted action (1)
  • Conclusive adjudication (1)
  • Concurrent state court jurisdiction (1)
  • Condemnation action (2)
  • Condition of federal funding (1)
  • Condition Precedent (1)
  • Confidentiality (1)
  • Confidentiality agreement (2)
  • Conflict of laws (6)
  • Conflict of laws (California) (1)
  • Conflict of Laws (EU) (2)
  • Conflict of laws (int.) (5)
  • Conflict of laws (interstate) (1)
  • Conflict-of-interest rules (1)
  • Confrontation Clause (7)
  • Confrontation clauses of both the federal and California Constitutions (1)
  • Confusion (trademark) (2)
  • Congress (2)
  • Congress: power to withdraw from judicial cognizance (1)
  • Congress’s power to lay and collect Taxes (1)
  • Congress’s spending power (1)
  • Congres­sional election (1)
  • Congressional inaction (1)
  • Congressional Medal of Honor (1)
  • Congressional ratification (1)
  • Connecticut Law (1)
  • Consecutive federal and State sentences (1)
  • Consequential Damages (2)
  • Consideration (1)
  • Consideration of plea offers that lapse or are rejected (1)
  • Consolidation (1)
  • Conspiracy (3)
  • Constitutional claims (1)
  • Constitutionalize the employee grievance (1)
  • Constructive discharge (labor) (1)
  • Constructive notice (2)
  • Constructive trust (3)
  • Consumer deception (2)
  • Consumer law (12)
  • Consumer Perception (1)
  • Consumer privacy (2)
  • Consumer protection (9)
  • Consumer protections (1)
  • Consumer Review Fairness Act (1)
  • Consumers aggrieved (1)
  • Consumers Legal Remedies Act (2)
  • Contempt (1)
  • Contempt of court (2)
  • Contingency fee (1)
  • Continuing injury (1)
  • Continuity plans (1)
  • Contract (alteration) (1)
  • Contract (Conclusion) (1)
  • Contract (Subject Matter) (1)
  • Contract Disputes Act (1)
  • Contract drafting (55)
  • Contract Formation (3)
  • Contract interpretation (7)
  • Contract interpretation (clause buried in agreement) (1)
  • Contract Interpretation (Custom) (1)
  • Contract interpretation (party not familiar with language of instrument) (1)
  • Contract interpretation: default rule (1)
  • Contract law (7)
  • Contract of adhesion (3)
  • Contract of Carriage (3)
  • Contract of Employment (1)
  • Contract: tortious interference (3)
  • Contract:to Sign without Reading? (1)
  • Contracts (1)
  • Contracts: State contracts between them (1)
  • Contracts: with Federal Government (1)
  • Contractual prohibition from filing suit or making any claim or demand (1)
  • Contribution limitations (1)
  • Contribution limits (1)
  • Contributory infringement (2)
  • Controlled sub­stances (1)
  • Controlled Substances Act (1)
  • Controversies between the States (1)
  • Conversion (5)
  • Convicted felons (1)
  • Conviction’s collateral consequences (1)
  • Convictions (multiple) (1)
  • Copies of the patented item (1)
  • COPPA (2)
  • Copyright (11)
  • Copyright (legislative codifications- judicial opinions- other official materials) (2)
  • Copyright (registration) (2)
  • Copyright (Source Code) (1)
  • Copyright (Swiss Law) (1)
  • Copyright and Common law-protected ideas (1)
  • Copyright infringement (12)
  • Copyright: registration (1)
  • Copyright: Sec­tion 514 of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act (1)
  • Copyright: statute of limitations: laches (1)
  • Coronavirus (1)
  • Corp. Code §2105 subd. (a)(5) (1)
  • Corporate Insiders (1)
  • Corporate Law (1)
  • Corporate records (1)
  • Corporate responsibility (1)
  • Corporate Successorship (1)
  • Corporate veil (2)
  • Corporation (2)
  • Corporation: principal place of business (1)
  • Corporations (2)
  • Corporations and personal privacy (1)
  • Corporations: standing (1)
  • Costs (2)
  • Costs: civil procedure (1)
  • Counsel: right to counsel (1)
  • Counterfeiting (3)
  • Court In­terpreters Act (1)
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  • Court of review not of first view (1)
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  • Craft Beverage Modernization and Tax Reform Act (1)
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  • Creative Commons License (1)
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  • Credit card: arbitration (1)
  • Credit cards (2)
  • Credit cards: consumers’ protection (1)
  • Credit Repair Organizations Act (1)
  • Credit Suisse (1)
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  • Credit-card Market (1)
  • Creditor's Suit (1)
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  • Crime of violence (1)
  • Criminal cases (1)
  • Criminal fines (1)
  • Criminal law (2)
  • Criminal law: heat of passion (1)
  • Criminal procedure (8)
  • Criminal procedure: commencement of trial (1)
  • Criminal procedure: defense: burden of proof (1)
  • Criminal procedure: Guidelines (1)
  • Criminal procedure: legal error made in a criminal trial (1)
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  • Criminal proceeding (1)
  • Criminal prosecution: Sentencing phase (1)
  • Criminal street gang (2)
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  • Cst. IV §3 cl.2 (Territory Clause) (1)
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  • Dangerous Condition of Public Property (1)
  • Data (19)
  • Data Protection (1)
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  • Data security (3)
  • DC Circuit (1)
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  • Deadline for filing a notice of appeal: jurisdictional? (1)
  • Deadlines (2)
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  • Death penalty: Eighth Amendment (1)
  • Death penalty: persons with intellectual disability (1)
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  • Debtor misconduct (1)
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  • Deception of consumers (1)
  • Deceptive & misleading conduct (1)
  • Deceptive competition (2)
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  • Declaratory judgment (3)
  • Declaratory Judgment Act (2)
  • Declaratory relief (5)
  • Dedication requirement (3)
  • Defamation (1)
  • Default (1)
  • Default Judgment (1)
  • De­fense of Marriage Act (DOMA) (1)
  • Deference (2)
  • Deferential administrative-law standards of review (1)
  • Deferential standard of review (2)
  • Delaware Contract Law (1)
  • Delaware Law (4)
  • Demurrer (6)
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  • De­partment of Transportation (1)
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  • Depositions (1)
  • Derivative Injury Doctrine (1)
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  • Design defect (2)
  • Design patent (1)
  • Design-defect claims (2)
  • Designation of origin (2)
  • Detention incident to the execution of a search warrant (1)
  • Dicta (1)
  • Dictionary Act (4)
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  • Direct Benefits Estoppel (2)
  • Directed not-guilty verdict (1)
  • Disability (2)
  • Discharge demotion discrimination mixed cases (1)
  • Discharge from a debt (1)
  • Discharge of a pollutant (1)
  • Discharge of the debts (1)
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  • Discovery (5)
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