Showing posts with label Civil Procedure. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Civil Procedure. Show all posts

Thursday, June 29, 2023

Affidavits - Declarations - Depositions


Affidavits

 

Declarations

 

Depositions

 

Civil Procedure

 

California Law

 

 

 

(…) Code of Civil Procedure section 437c, subdivision (b)(2) provides that a party may oppose a motion for summary judgment with, among other things, “affidavits, declarations, and depositions . . . .” The excerpts from the Colorado deposition did not qualify as any of these under California law. The transcript of Dr. Kasbekar’s testimony was not an “affidavit,” which is defined as a “written declaration under oath, made without notice to the adverse party.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 2003.) But, “a transcript of... testimony is not a ‘written declaration under oath.’” (Sweetwater, 6 Cal.5th at p. 942.) Moreover, the unsigned transcript was not a “declaration,” because “a declaration must be signed and recite that the person making it certifies it to be true under penalty of perjury.” (Id., at  p. 941.) Finally, Dr. Kasbekar’s Colorado deposition was not a “deposition” in the Wongs’s case against Stillwater because Dr. Kasbekar’s testimony was not taken after notice to Stillwater. Code of Civil Procedure section 2004 defines a “deposition” as “a written declaration, under oath, made upon notice to the adverse party, for the purpose of enabling him to attend and cross-examine.” Similarly, Code of Civil Procedure section 2025.620 provides that “at the trial or any other hearing in the action, any part or all of a deposition may be used against any party who was present or represented at the taking of the deposition, or who had due notice of the deposition. . . .” In short, for purposes of making or opposing a motion under Code of Civil Procedure section 437c, a “deposition” can only mean a deposition taken after notice to the parties in the same action in which summary judgment is sought. The Colorado deposition was not that.

 

 

 

(California Court of Appeal, June 30, 2023, Wong v. Stillwater Insurance Comp., Docket No. A162893, Certified for Publication)

 

Sunday, March 12, 2023

California Court of Appeal, Carrillo v. County of Santa Clara, Docket No. B322810


Statute of Limitations

 

Demurrer Without Leave to Amend

 

Civil Procedure

 

Suit Brought Against a Public Entity

 

Accrual of a Cause of Action

 

Discovery Rule

 

Delayed Discovery Exception

 

Medical Malpractice

 

California Law

 

 

 

Appellant Emilio Carrillo appeals from a judgment of dismissal of his medical negligence claim against respondent County of Santa Clara after the trial court sustained the County’s demurrer without leave to amend on statute of limitations grounds. We affirm.

 

 

On July 12, 2019, the County demurred to Carrillo’s FAC. The County argued that Carrillo’s medical negligence claim was time-barred, citing Code of Civil Procedure section 340.5 (MICRA),1which provides that a plaintiff must file suit “within three years after the date of injury or one year after the plaintiff discovers, or through the use of reasonable diligence should have discovered, the injury, whichever occurs first.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 340.5.) Because Carrillo’s foot was amputated on December 20, 2017, the County argued he was required to file suit no later than December 20, 2018, making his January 18, 2019, complaint untimely.

 

 

1 MICRA is the Medical Injury Compensation Reform Act. (Anson v. County of Merced (1988) 202 Cal.App.3d 1195, 1199 (Anson).)

 

 

The County also argued that MICRA’s one-year limitations period was not extended by Government Code section 945.6 (the Government Claims Act), which provides that “any suit brought against a public entity on a cause of action for which a pre-filing claim is required to be presented” to the public entity must be filed within six months after the public entity’s rejection of the claim. The County argued that, for his claim against the County to be timely, Carrillo was required to satisfy the deadlines in both statutes.

 

 

Except in circumstances inapplicable here, “any suit brought against a public entity on a cause of action for which a claim is required to be presented” must be brought within six months after the County’s rejection of the claim. (Gov. Code, § 945.6, subd. (a)(1).) Additionally, under MICRA, a plaintiff alleging medical negligence must file suit within “three years after the date of injury or one year after the plaintiff discovers, or through the use of reasonable diligence should have discovered, the injury, whichever occurs first.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 340.5.) As to the one-year limitations period, MICRA “sets forth two alternate tests for triggering the limitations period: (1) a subjective test requiring actual suspicion by the plaintiff that the injury was caused by wrongdoing; and (2) an objective test requiring a showing that a reasonable person would have suspected the injury was caused by wrongdoing.” (Kitzig v. Nordquist (2000) 81 Cal.App.4th 1384,1391.)

 

 

(…) We hold that, here, where both section 945.6 and MICRA apply, Carrillo was obligated to meet the deadlines set forth in both statutes.

 

 

Generally speaking, a cause of action accrues at the time when the cause of action is complete with all of its elements. (Fox v. Ethicon Endo-Surgery, supra, 35 Cal.4th 797 at 806). The “discovery rule” is an exception to this general rule and postpones accrual of a cause of action until the plaintiff discovers, or has reason to discover, the cause of action. (Id. at 807.) To rely on the discovery rule for delayed accrual of a cause of action, a plaintiff whose complaint shows on its face that his claim would be barred without the benefit of the discovery rule must specifically plead facts to show (1) the time and manner of discovery and (2) the inability to have made earlier discovery despite reasonable diligence. (Id. at 808.) In assessing the sufficiency of the allegations of delayed discovery, the court places the burden on the plaintiff to show diligence. (Ibid.) Conclusory allegations will not withstand demurrer. (Ibid.)

 

 

(…) Because Carrillo filed his suit more than a year after his amputation, the trial court did not err in sustaining the County’s demurrer on statute of limitations grounds.

 

 

 

 

(California Court of Appeal, March 13, 2023, Carrillo v. County of Santa Clara, Docket No. B322810, Certified for Publication)

Wednesday, February 8, 2023

California Court of Appeal, Water for Citizens of Weed Cal. v. Churchwell White LLP, Docket No. C093421

 

Motion to Strike the Complaint

 

Anti-SLAPP Motion

 

SLAPP Back Action Against a Law Firm

 

Ethics

 

Civil Procedure

 

California Law

 

 

 

 

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Sacramento County, David I. Brown, Judge. Affirmed.

 

 

This is an appeal from the grant of a special motion to strike a complaint for malicious prosecution. In the underlying action, defendants Churchwell White LLP, a law firm, and two of its attorneys, Barbara A. Brenner and Robin R. Baral (collectively Churchwell) represented a corporation in an action to quiet title to water rights. In the underlying quiet title action, Churchwell sued the City of Weed (City) and the plaintiffs here, Water for Citizens of Weed California, its members, and other citizens of the City (collectively Citizens). The trial court in that action granted Citizens’s special motion to strike the complaint, commonly called an anti-SLAPP motion (strategic lawsuit against public participation). Citizens then filed this action against Churchwell, alleging malicious prosecution for naming them in the quiet title action. The trial court granted Churchwell’s anti-SLAPP motion, concluding Citizens did not establish a probability of prevailing on their claim. They did not show that Churchwell lacked probable cause or acted out of malice in naming them in the quiet title action. We affirm the judgment.

 

 

Citizens filed an anti-SLAPP motion to strike the complaint. (Code Civ. Proc., §425.16.) (Statutory section citations that follow are found in the Code of Civil Procedure unless otherwise stated.) Each of the individual plaintiffs submitted a sworn declaration that he or she did not claim and had never claimed any right, title, estate, lien, or interest in the 2.0 cfs of Beaughan Springs water at issue in the case. The trial court granted the anti-SLAPP motion. It found that Citizens were named in the action solely because they exercised their constitutional rights. None of them claimed any private interest in the water. The court refused to address the second step of deciding an anti-SLAPP motion, which asked whether Roseburg could establish a prima facie case of success on the merits.

 

 

(…) Citizens filed the present action, a “SLAPP back” action, against Churchwell for malicious prosecution for suing them on behalf of Roseburg in the quiet title action. Citizens alleged Churchwell had no probable cause to name them in the underlying action, and that Churchwell named them only to silence and chill their exercise of First Amendment rights.

 

 

Churchwell filed an anti-SLAPP motion against the complaint. The trial court granted the motion. It found that although the complaint arose from Churchwell’s exercise of its constitutional rights, Citizens did not demonstrate a probability of prevailing on the merits. They did not establish a prima facie case of malicious prosecution: that Churchwell lacked probable cause to name them in the underlying action and that Churchwell acted out of malice. Citizens challenge those findings in this appeal.

 

 

We review the trial court’s grant of Churchwell’s anti-SLAPP motion de novo. (Park v. Board of Trustees of California State University (2017) 2 Cal.5th 1057, 1067.) Our review involves a two-step analysis. We first determine whether Churchwell, the moving party, established that the claim of malicious prosecution arose from its attorneys’s actions in furtherance of their “right of petition or free speech under the United States Constitution or the California Constitution in connection with a public issue.” (§425.16, subd. (b)(1).) If Churchwell has satisfied that burden, then Citizens bear the burden of establishing a probability of prevailing on their claim. (§425.16, subd. (b)(1).) Citizens must show that their malicious prosecution claim based on Churchwell’s protected activity “is legally sufficient and factually substantiated. The court, without resolving evidentiary conflicts, must determine whether the plaintiff’s showing, if accepted by the trier of fact, would be sufficient to sustain a favorable judgment. If not, the claim is stricken.” (Baral v. Schnitt (2016) 1 Cal.5th 376, 396.).

 

 

Citizens do not challenge the trial court’s determination on the first step of analysis, that their claim for malicious prosecution arose from Churchwell’s exercise of constitutional rights. We thus turn to the second step and determine whether Citizens have established a probability of prevailing on their claim.

 

 

To prevail on their malicious prosecution claim, Citizens must show that the quiet title action (1) was commenced by or at the direction of Churchwell and was pursued to a legal termination favorable to Citizens; (2) was initiated or maintained without probable cause; and (3) was initiated or maintained with malice. (Parrish v. Latham & Watkins (2017) 3 Cal.5th 767, 775 (Parrish).) No one disputes the first element, so we address the other two.

 

 

We need not address the element of malice. Because we have determined there was probable cause to bring the quiet title action, “the malicious prosecution action fails, whether or not there is evidence that the prior suit was maliciously motivated.” (Sheldon Appel Co. v. Albert & Oliker, supra, 47 Cal.3d at p. 875).

 

 

 

 

(California Court of Appeal, Feb. 9, 2023, Water for Citizens of Weed Cal. v. Churchwell White LLP, Docket No. C093421, Certified for Publication)

Monday, January 10, 2022

California Court of Appeal, American Contractors Indemnity Co. v. Hernandez, Docket No. B308814

 

Civil Procedure

Proof of Service

Registered Process Server

Notice of the Application for Renewal of Judgment

Motion to Vacate Entry of the Renewal

California Law

 

 

APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. Malcolm H. Mackey, Judge. Affirmed.

 

This case began when Respondent American Contractors Indemnity Company (ACIC) filed suit against Appellant Ruben Hernandez (Hernandez) on January 22, 2008. ACIC filed a Proof of Service stating that the Summons and Complaint were personally served by a registered process server on Hernandez on December 9, 2008, at 400 North Sunrise Way, #228, in Palm Springs, California. Hernandez filed no answer, so default judgment was entered for ACIC on May 8, 2009, in the principal amount of $65,703.02.

 

Ten years later, on ACIC’s application, the trial court ordered the judgment renewed in the total amount of $130,501.96. ACIC served Hernandez with the notice of renewal of judgment and the application for renewal of judgment by mail on April 19, 2019. Proof of service was filed the same day. It stated that the notice and application were mailed together to 9560 Benson Avenue, Montclair, California. The envelope was returned to ACIC on May 1, 2019, marked “Return to Sender Attempted – Not Known Unable to Forward.” ACIC claims the application for renewal of judgment had been removed from the envelope, indicating Hernandez had removed it before sending the envelope back as undeliverable. Hernandez initially agreed in a sworn declaration that he received the application for renewal of judgment. He later changed attorneys and repudiated his earlier declaration, claiming he never received any notice or application.

 

Hernandez says he first learned of the renewal of judgment (and of the existence of the lawsuit) when a telemarketer contacted him about judgment negotiation services in early October 2019. He filed a motion to vacate the renewal of judgment on October 25, 2019. It was in that motion that Hernandez stated, in a declaration he signed, “On April 19, 2019, I did receive the Application for Renewal of Judgment (EJ-190).” ACIC filed its opposition to the motion to set aside on February 3, 2020. A few days later, on February 7, 2020, Hernandez changed attorneys (stating that his prior counsel was suspended by the State Bar), and filed a reply and amended declaration, claiming he actually never received either the application or notice of renewal.

 

The trial court held an evidentiary hearing on the motion to vacate in July 2020. Hernandez testified, thereby permitting the trial court to directly hear his claim that he was never served with the original default and the notice of renewal. Neither party arranged for the motion to be reported, so no reporter’s transcript exists. The trial court denied his motion to vacate. This appeal followed.

 

In the trial court, it was Hernandez’s burden to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that he was entitled to vacate the renewal of judgment under Code of Civil Procedure, section 683.170. (Fidelity Creditor Service, Inc. v. Browne (2001) 89 Cal.App.4th 195, 199.) In this court, we review the denial of the motion to vacate for an abuse of the trial court’s discretion, taking the evidence in the light most favorable to the court’s decision. (Ibid.; Rubin v. Ross (2021) 65 Cal.App.5th 153, 161 (Rubin).) We must defer to the trial court’s resolution of factual conflicts in the evidence. (Fernandes v. Singh (2017) 16 Cal.App.5th 932, 940.) Questions of law are reviewed de novo. (Rubin, supra, at pp. 161–162.)

 

There is no requirement that service occur at the party’s residence, or a location with which they previously had, or subsequently have, a relationship. The question is whether the party receives the mailing. It was Hernandez’s burden to prove he was not served.

Second, there was evidence before the trial court that Hernandez admitted he actually received the mailed notice.
He submitted a sworn declaration, signed under penalty of perjury, that he received the application for renewal. That admission was consistent with ACIC’s declaration of Ethan Kwock, a paralegal in the law office of its counsel, that the application for renewal had been removed from the envelope when the notice for renewal was returned by the post office.
A party who physically receives documents served by mail is not entitled to claim service was invalid because he did not retain or read all of the contents. (See Sternbeck v. Buck (1957) 148 Cal.App.2d 829, 833 [service complete upon physical delivery to party].) Hernandez points to his amended declaration, repudiating his admission, along with the State Bar’s suspension of his prior counsel, as indicating that the admission should have been rejected. But the suspension of an attorney, for reasons not contained in the record, is not evidence the attorney filed false or unauthorized declarations that were signed by the client. And the change in Hernandez’s version of the facts merely created a disputed fact for the court to resolve, not a “corrected” fact that eliminated the admission by Hernandez.

 

Third, the question of whether Hernandez received service by mail is a question of fact, not law. The purpose of the evidentiary hearing was to permit the trial court to consider the evidence and resolve the question. It did so. It heard live testimony from Hernandez. It had evidence before it consistent with Hernandez receiving service by mail. This court’s role is not to reweigh the factual determinations of the trial court.

 

Fourth, Hernandez could have arranged for creation of a court reporter’s transcript of the evidentiary hearing, but chose not to. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 2.956(c)(1).) Since we are required to view the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s decision, and Hernandez has not provided the testimony that was before the trial court, we cannot conclude there was insufficient evidence to justify the court’s decision. (Maria P. v. Riles (1987) 43 Cal.3d 1281, 1295.) “Failure to provide an adequate record on an issue requires that the issue be resolved against appellant.” (Hernandez v. California Hospital Medical Center (2000) 78 Cal.App.4th 498, 502.)

 

Finally, “there is no statutory requirement that the notice of renewal be served on the judgment debtor in order for the renewal to be effective.” (Goldman v. Simpson (2008) 160 Cal.App.4th 255, 262, fn. 4, citing § 683.160.) The only impact of a lack of valid service of the notice of renewal under section 683.160 is that the judgment creditor cannot initiate enforcement proceedings until the debtor is served. (Goldman v. Simpson, supra, 160 Cal.App.4th at p. 262, fn. 4.) “There is no specified time period within which the renewal of judgment must be served on the judgment debtor.” (Ibid.) So even if Hernandez had not been validly served, that fact would not have given him the right to set aside the renewal of judgment.

 

Hernandez argues he was never served with the underlying summons and complaint in 2008, and that this defense permits vacating the 2019 renewal of judgment. He does not claim he has a right to directly vacate the original judgment under section 663. Such a claim would be untimely under section 663a, subdivision (a)(2), which sets a 180 day jurisdictional deadline after entry of judgment. The deadline is not extended by mistake, inadvertence, surprise or excusable neglect. (Conservatorship of Townsend (2014) 231 Cal.App.4th 691, 702; Advanced Building Maintenance v. State Comp. Ins. Fund (1996) 49 Cal.App.4th 1388, 1392–1395.) Therefore, his claim that the original service never occurred in 2008 can be offered only as a basis for setting aside the 2019 renewal of judgment. But he can dispute the renewal of judgment only if he filed a timely motion to vacate following service of the notice of renewal.

 

We have concluded above that Hernandez failed to meet his burden of showing, contrary to the proof of service, that he was not served with notice of the renewal of judgment. Since he was served, he was required to timely file a motion to vacate entry of the renewal. That deadline was 30 days after service of the notice of renewal. (§ 683.170, subd. (b).) The notice of renewal was mail served on Hernandez in April of 2019. He did not file a motion to vacate the renewal of judgment until October 25, 2019, five months after the deadline. His appeal fails for that reason.

 

But even if his motion had been timely, he has failed to meet his burden of proof. The registered process server’s proof of service states that the Summons and Complaint were personally served on Hernandez on December 9, 2008, at an address in Palm Springs. The burden was on Hernandez to rebut the proof of service. (Evid. Code, § 647.) Hernandez sought to rebut this in the trial court by presenting evidence that he does not reside at the address, or have any interest in the property. Again, ACIC was under no obligation to serve Hernandez at his residence. They could personally serve him anywhere he could be found, under section 415.10. This was not substituted service at a residence under section 415.20, subdivision (b).

 

Whether or not Hernandez was served in 2008 in Palm Springs is a question of fact. Hernandez was given an opportunity to litigate this issue in the evidentiary hearing.


He did not obtain a transcript of the hearing, so we do not know what testimony was presented. The trial court was in a position to consider the credibility of Hernandez in asserting that he was not served, and the paralegal who disputed Hernandez’s claim that he never received the envelope containing the notices.

 

Hernandez has not shown that the court abused its discretion in ruling against him.

 

 

(California Court of Appeal, Jan. 11, 2022, American Contractors Indemnity Co. v. Hernandez, Docket No. B308814, Certified for Publication)

Wednesday, April 17, 2019

U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, BWP Media USA Inc., v. Polyvore, Inc., Docket No. 16-2825-cv


Procedure
Injunctive Relief
Permanent Injunction
Mootness
Damages


Polyvore’s website appears to no longer exist. (…) Even if that is the case, however, BWP’s core claims for damages are unaffected because, “unlike claims for injunctive relief challenging ongoing conduct, a claim for damages cannot evade review” since “it remains live until it is settled, judicially resolved, or barred by a statute of limitations.” Genesis Healthcare Corp. v. Symczyk, 569 U.S. 66, 77 (2013). On the other hand, BWP’s request for a permanent injunction would now be moot because Polyvore’s defunct website no longer displays plaintiffs’ photos. See Bank of New York Co. v. Ne. Bancorp, Inc., 9 F.3d 1065, 1067 (2d Cir. 1993) (holding that requests for injunctions are “mooted by the occurrence of the action sought to be enjoined”). (John M. Walker, Jr., Circuit Judge, concurring in the result).


(U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, April 17, 2019, BWP Media USA Inc., v. Polyvore, Inc., Docket No. 16-2825-cv, Per Curiam)

Monday, December 18, 2017

Kurwa v. Kislinger, S234617


Civil procedure: Appellate review: One final judgment rule: Final judgment: Interlocutory review: Dismissal: Prejudice: Notice of appeal:



To avoid piecemeal appeals, the “one final judgment” rule ordinarily limits appellate review to trial court judgments that finally dispose of all issues. (Kurwa I, 57 Cal.4th at p. 1101.) The parties in this case attempted to circumvent the rule to obtain what was, in effect, interlocutory review of a trial court’s partial order of dismissal by agreeing to dismiss the remainder of their claims without prejudice and waiving the statutes of limitations. We held in Kurwa I that this attempt was unavailing. We concluded that the trial court’s judgment dismissing the remaining claims without prejudice was not a final disposition of those claims, but instead held them “in abeyance for possible future litigation.” (Id. at p. 1100.)

In the wake of our decision in Kurwa I, Kurwa has made two attempts to secure a final and appealable judgment. He first asked the trial court to vacate its order of dismissal and the underlying stipulation. Failing that, he sought to dismiss his defamation claim with prejudice, which would finally dispose of the claim. Kurwa is, however, powerless to require Kislinger to do the same with respect to the defamation claim raised in the cross-complaint, and Kislinger has no incentive to assist Kurwa in his efforts to appeal an order that had been entered in Kislinger’s favor. Kislinger argues (and the Court of Appeal agreed) that unless and until Kislinger also chooses to dismiss his defamation claim, there can be no final and appealable judgment.

Kurwa’s appeal fails for a more basic reason: There is still no trial court judgment from which Kurwa could appeal. The 2010 order was not a final judgment because it disposed of less than all of the causes of action. (Sullivan v. Delta Air Lines, Inc. (1997) 15 Cal.4th 288, 304 ["A judgment is final “when it terminates the litigation between the parties on the merits of the case and leaves nothing to be done but to enforce by execution what has been determined." Finality in this sense not only makes a judicial determination a judgment, it also makes that judgment appealable.”]; U.S. Financial v. Sullivan (1974) 37 Cal.App.3d 5, 11 [it is improper for the trial court to enter a judgment of dismissal if some causes of action remain pending].)

Kurwa’s dismissal with prejudice of his defamation claims was entered on the docket by the court clerk, without the trial court’s involvement. It did not result in the entry of a new trial court judgment that finally disposed of all claims (or at least all of the losing party’s claims) in the action. Nor could Kurwa’s dismissal have retroactively altered the character of the trial court’s 2010 judgment. And even if Kurwa’s dismissal with prejudice could have retroactively altered the character of the trial court’s 2010 judgment, the Court of Appeal is correct that the time for appealing that judgment has long since expired. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.104(a)(1) [a notice of appeal from a superior court judgment must be filed within 60 days of the notice of entry of judgment or 180 days after judgment, whichever is earlier].)

There is, as we see it, no way for Kurwa to proceed with his appeal unless and until the trial court takes action to render a judgment that is actually final and appealable. Of course, Kurwa has previously asked the trial court to do just that, and the trial court refused, professing lack of jurisdiction to vacate its earlier order dismissing the defamation claims without prejudice. We agree with Kurwa that the trial court was mistaken.

It stands to reason that if the trial court has not entered a judgment that is final and appealable, it retains the power to render one. This was the unstated assumption underlying our disposition in Kurwa I, supra, 57 Cal.4th at page 1107, in which we directed the Court of Appeal to dismiss plaintiff’s appeal as premature, without ever suggesting that plaintiff might have lost the right to appeal altogether. The confusion in this case appears to arise from the fact that the trial court has already dismissed the claims in question once, albeit without prejudice. Kislinger argues that this means that the trial court can no longer act in the case, even to issue a judgment finally disposing of the defamation claim Kurwa has now dismissed with prejudice. For this unlikely proposition, Kislinger relies on Harris v. Billings (1993) 16 Cal.App.4th 1396 (Harris), but Harris lends no support. (…) Regardless of whether Harris was correctly decided—a question we do not decide here—it is distinguishable.

(…) We therefore now make explicit what was implicit in our earlier decision: Because the trial court did not render a judgment that was final and appealable, it retains power to act in the case. That power includes the authority to vacate the defective 2010 judgment and the parties’ underlying stipulation. Once the parties and the court have disposed of the remaining defamation counts—either by dismissing them with prejudice (as Kurwa already has for the cause of action in his complaint) or pursuing them to judgment—the trial court can, and should, issue a final judgment from which Kurwa can appeal.



(Cal.S.C., Dec. 18, 2017, Kurwa v. Kislinger, S234617).



Un appel n'est possible que contre un jugement final.

Pour éviter des appels fractionnés, la règle du jugement final ne permet d'appeler, au niveau de la première instance, que des jugements qui disposent de l'ensemble des conclusions (de toutes les parties, y compris les conclusions reconventionnelles). Dans la présente affaire, les parties ont tenté de contourner dite règle en manipulant diverses institutions procédurales : ainsi de l'abandon par une des parties (Kurwa) de certaines de ses prétentions, obtenant ainsi un jugement de première instance constatant et consacrant dit abandon, tout en réservant la possibilité pour la partie de faire valoir ultérieurement ces prétentions abandonnées. Un tel jugement, qui laissait la possibilité d'une nouvelle procédure, n'était pas un jugement final. Il n'était de la sorte pas susceptible d'appel. Puis Kurwa a encore tenté notamment d'abandonner ses prétentions (sans possibilité de les renouveler) afin d'obtenir un jugement final, mais comme son adversaire n'en faisait pas de même s'agissant de ses propres prétentions, la tentative a échoué : dit abandon a été enregistré sur le rôle par le greffier, sans implication du Tribunal. Aucun jugement final ne résultait de cet enregistrement. Cet abandon n'a en outre pas pour effet de modifier le jugement antérieur précité (qui laissait donc la possibilité d'une nouvelle procédure).

Cependant, dans tous les cas, la cour de première instance se doit de rendre un jugement final, qui pourra être entrepris par voie d'appel. Que Kurwa ait renoncé à ses prétentions sans possibilité de les renouveler n'empêche nullement dite cour de juger de manière finale.



Thursday, February 16, 2017

Roy Allan Slurry Seal v. Amer. Asphalt South, S225398


Demurrer: Civil procedure: Pleadings: Dismissal: A demurrer is properly sustained when “the pleading does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action.”  (Code Civ. Proc., § 430.10, subd. (e).)  On appeal, a resulting judgment of dismissal is reviewed independently.  (McCall v. PacifiCare of Cal., Inc. (2001) 25 Cal.4th 412, 415.)  “We accept as true all the material allegations of the complaint” (Korea Supply, 29 Cal.4th at p. 1141), but do not “assume the truth of contentions, deductions or conclusions of law” (Aubry v. Tri-City Hospital Dist. (1992) 2 Cal.4th 962, 967). 

(Cal. S.C., February 16, 2017, Roy Allan Slurry Seal v. Amer. Asphalt South, S225398).


Notion de demurrer, plaidé par l'adverse partie dans une situation où le mémoire allègue des faits qui ne suffisent pas à permettre un quelconque jugement en faveur du demandeur (Code Civ. Proc., § 430.10, subd. (e).)  Le Tribunal qui accueille le demurrer rend une décision d'irrecevabilité ("judgment of dismissal"). L'autorité d'appel considérera comme vraie toutes les allégations matérielles (les faits) de la demande. La partie "en droit" du mémoire de demande ne sera quant à elle pas considérée comme juridiquement exacte, mais sera revue de manière indépendante.

Thursday, January 19, 2017

Kabran v. Sharp Memorial Hosp., S227393


Statute of limitations: Deadline: Motion for a new trial: Reexamination: Posttrial motion: Jurisdictional: Civil procedure: Affidavits:

(…) We conclude that Code of Civil Procedure section 659a does not deprive a court of fundamental jurisdiction to consider affidavits submitted after the 30-day deadline set forth in the statute.  Because the Hospital did not object to the timeliness of the affidavits in the trial court, it may not raise this issue for the first time on appeal.  Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeal.

On March 1, K. filed a notice of intent to move for a new trial, alleging newly discovered material evidence as a ground for the motion.  On March 6, the parties stipulated to a 20-day extension under Code of Civil Procedure section 659a for K. to file moving papers and affidavits in support of her motion for a new trial.  (All undesignated statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure.)  The trial court’s order granting the extension identified Monday, April 1, as the deadline for filing.  Because the César Chávez Day holiday fell on Sunday, March 31, that year, April 1 was a court holiday.  On April 2, K. served the Hospital and attempted to file with the court a memorandum of points and authorities along with two declarations — one by Dr. Guerad G., the other by Dr. Jeffrey G. — in support of her motion for a new trial. 

The series of events that gave rise to the issue before us began when K., in filing the memorandum and supporting affidavits on April 2, failed to pay the requisite filing fee.  On April 4, the clerk of court canceled the original April 2 time stamp and did not process the submissions.  Before the time stamp was canceled, however, K. obtained via an ex parte hearing on April 3 an order setting a new trial motion hearing for April 12 with a deadline for the Hospital’s opposition papers of April 10.  K.’s memorandum was stamped as received, with filing fees, on April 5; the G. and G. affidavits were filed on April 9.

The Hospital did not object to the admission of the memorandum or supporting affidavits on the ground that they were untimely filed.

On April 12, the trial court granted K.’s motion for a new trial on the grounds that “there is a probability that this new evidence [the autopsy findings] may render a different result in a new trial” and that the evidence “could not, with reasonable diligence, have been discovered and produced at trial.”

(…) The Court of Appeal disagreed with Erikson, 48 Cal.App.4th 1663, which had held that the 20-day extension in section 659a is the exclusive remedy for a failure to file within the initial 10-day period and so trial courts lack jurisdiction to consider affidavits filed after the 30-day aggregate period.  We granted review.

Sections 656 through 662 set forth when and how a party may move for a “re-examination of an issue of fact in the same court after a trial and decision by a jury, court, or referee.”  (§ 656.)  Sections 659, 659a, and 660 set forth the procedures and deadlines associated with litigating a new trial motion.  A party must file a notice of its intent to move for a new trial either between the rendering of a decision and the judgment being entered; or within 15 days after the clerk mailed, or the opposing party received service of, written notice of the judgment; or within 180 days after the judgment was entered, “whichever is earliest.”  (§ 659.)  Once jurisdiction is established by motion, the trial court has to rule on the motion within 60 days from the mailing or service of notice of judgment or, if no notice was given, within 60 days after the notice of intention to move for a new trial.  (§ 660.)

At the time K. submitted the G. affidavit, section 659a read as follows:  “Within 10 days of filing the notice, the moving party shall serve upon all other parties and file any affidavits intended to be used upon such motion.  Such other parties shall have ten days after such service within which to serve upon the moving party and file counter-affidavits.  The time herein specified may, for good cause shown by affidavit or by written stipulation of the parties, be extended by any judge for an additional period of not exceeding 20 days.”  (Former § 659a, as amended by Stats. 1989, ch. 1416, § 20, p. 6232.) 

“A motion for a new trial is ‘a new statutory proceeding, collateral to the original proceeding’ and constitutes a new action brought to set aside the judgment.”  (Spruce v. Wellman (1950) 98 Cal.App.2d 158, 161.)  Both the “right to move for a new trial” and the court’s jurisdiction to hear it are creatures of statute.  (Wagner v. Singleton (1982) 133 Cal.App.3d 69, 72; Witkin, Cal. Procedure (5th ed. 2008) Attack on Judgment in Trial Court, § 19, p. 601 [“there is no inherent power in the trial court to grant a new trial”].)  A trial court gains jurisdiction to hear such a motion only after a party files a timely notice of intent and judgment has been entered.  (Tabor v. Superior Court (1946) 28 Cal.2d 505, 508 [court had no jurisdiction to hear new trial motion filed before court signed and filed findings of fact and conclusion of law, and parties cannot overcome this jurisdictional defect by stipulation or waiver].)  Thus, a “trial court does not have the jurisdiction to make an order granting a new trial on its own motion.”  (Ehrler v. Ehrler (1981) 126 Cal.App.3d 147, 151.)  Nor is it “within the power of the litigants to invest the court with jurisdiction to hear and determine the motion for a new trial by consent, waiver, agreement or acquiescence.”  (City of Santa Barbara v. Superior Court (1966) 240 Cal.App.2d 612, 614.) 

Because the trial court’s jurisdiction to hear a new trial motion is contingent upon the moving party’s timely filing of notice, this court and the Courts of Appeal have repeatedly held that failure to adhere to the statutory provisions described above will make a subsequently granted new trial order reversible on appeal. 

In particular, the trial court loses jurisdiction to hear a new trial motion if no notice of intent is filed within 15 days of the mailing or service of notice of entry of judgment, or within 180 days of the entry of the judgment.  (§ 659, subd. (b) [“The times specified . . . shall not be extended by order or stipulation”]; see Neff v. Ernst (1957) 48 Cal.2d 628, 634 [“The time limit prescribed by law . . . is jurisdictional”]; Tri-County Elevator Co. v. Superior Court (1982) 135 Cal.App.3d 271, 274.) 

By contrast, the Courts of Appeal have consistently held that the 10-day deadline for the filing of affidavits is not jurisdictional.  A court may retroactively extend the deadline for filing to the full 30-day period even if the party did not seek an extension in advance.  (See Fredrics v. Paige (1994) 29 Cal.App.4th 1642, 1648; Boynton v. McKales (1956) 139 Cal.App.2d 777, 782.)

Here, the Hospital failed to challenge an affidavit filed after the 30-day aggregate period had expired.  Did the trial court have power to grant a new trial on the basis of that affidavit, or is such a new trial order void for lack of jurisdiction? 

“ ‘When courts use the phrase “lack of jurisdiction,” they are usually referring to one of two different concepts, although . . . the distinction between them is “hazy.” ’”  (People v. Lara (2010) 48 Cal.4th 216, 224 (Lara).)  A lack of fundamental jurisdiction is “ ‘an entire absence of power to hear or determine the case, an absence of authority over the subject matter or the parties.” [ . . . Fundamental jurisdiction cannot be conferred by waiver, estoppel, or consent.  Rather, an act beyond a court’s jurisdiction in the fundamental sense is null and void’ ab initio.  ‘Therefore, a claim based on a lack of . . . fundamental jurisdiction may be raised for the first time on appeal. ’ ”  (Id. at pp. 224–225.) 

Because a court that acts in excess of jurisdiction still has “jurisdiction over the subject matter and the parties in the fundamental sense” (Abelleira v. District Court of Appeal (1941) 17 Cal.2d 280, 288 (Abelleira)), any such act is “valid until set aside, and parties may be precluded from setting it aside by such things as waiver, estoppel, or the passage of time” (People v. Ruiz (1990) 217 Cal.App.3d 574, 584).  In contrast to errors concerning a court’s fundamental jurisdiction, “errors which are merely in excess of jurisdiction should be challenged directly . . . and are generally not subject to collateral attack once the judgment is final . . . . ”  (People v. American Contractors Indemnity Co. (2004) 33 Cal.4th 653, 661.)

“Unless the Legislature clearly expresses a contrary intent, time limits are typically deemed directory.”  (Allen, 42 Cal.4th at p. 102; see Correctional Peace Officers, 10 Cal.4th at p. 1145 [requirement that board issue disciplinary decision is directory].)

These presumptions are rebuttable.  We find time limits to have jurisdictional significance where the Legislature clearly so intends.

In construing section 659a, we begin “with the language of the statute, ‘giving the words their usual and ordinary meaning, while construing them in light of the statute as a whole and the statute’s purpose.’ ”  (Apple Inc. v. Superior Court (2013) 56 Cal.4th 128, 135.)  The text of section 659a does not reveal a clear legislative intent to deprive courts of the power to consider untimely filed affidavits.  As the Court of Appeal below observed, section 659a’s instruction that either party “shall” serve and file affidavits within 10 days does not necessarily imply the deadline is jurisdictional.  “The context of the language, as well as other indicia of legislative intent, must be considered” along with the choice of “may” or “shall.”  (Lara, supra, 48 Cal.4th at p. 227.)  

(…) (Section 659a was recently amended as part of a legislative effort to reconcile the deadlines and procedures for motions for a new trial, motions for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, and motions to vacate the judgment in an effort to reduce confusion among parties filing one or more of these related posttrial motions.  (Stats. 2014, ch. 93, § 2.).)

Because sections 659 and 660 dictate when litigation over a new trial motion may begin and when it must end, those deadlines are strictly enforced as jurisdictional.  Section 659a, by contrast, governs the dynamic period of litigation itself.  Section 659a’s deadlines aim to provide adequate time and flexibility for the parties to submit materials and respond to each other’s submissions, but the parties may reach stipulations or other arrangements in order to further what they mutually regard as a fair and efficient litigation process.  Trial courts have no sua sponte duty to monitor compliance with the deadlines for submitting affidavits; noncompliance, without objection by any party, does not deprive the court of jurisdiction to consider the affidavits.

In light of section 659a’s purposes as well as the presumption against depriving courts of jurisdiction and the absence of explicit language in section 659a doing so, we conclude that the 30-day aggregate period for the submission of affidavits is not jurisdictional.  We disapprove Erikson v. Weiner, 48 Cal.App.4th 1663, to the extent it is inconsistent with this opinion. (…) But: Here, the Hospital failed to assert a timeliness objection in the trial court.  The alleged untimeliness of K.'s affidavits cannot be raised for the first time on appeal and did not deprive the trial court of jurisdiction to consider them.


(Cal. S.C., January 19, 2017, Kabran v. Sharp Memorial Hosp., S227393).


Dans son dispositif, la Cour Suprême de Californie juge ici que la Section 659a du Code de procédure civile de l'état ne retire pas la compétence d'un Tribunal s'agissant de la prise en compte d'affidavits soumis après l'expiration du délai légal de 30 jours. Par ailleurs, comme la partie adverse a omis en première instance d'invoquer l'expiration du délai par une objection, dite partie ne saurait invoquer valablement ce moyen de défense pour la première fois en appel.

En fait, le 1er mars, K. déposa au Tribunal de première instance une "notice of intent", informant de son intention de solliciter un nouveau procès, motif pris de la découverte de nouveaux moyens de preuve. Le 6 mars, les parties ont convenu d'une prolongation de délai de 20 jours (s'ajoutant aux 10 jours initiaux) selon la Section 659a du Code de procédure civile pour le dépôt de la motion requérant une nouvelle procédure et pour le dépôt des affidavits à l'appui de la motion. L'Ordonnance du Tribunal accordant la prolongation de délai a identifié le 1er avril comme terme du délai. Le 1er avril comptant cette année-là dans les féries judiciaires, ce terme a été reporté au 2 avril. Le 2 avril, K. notifia à l'Hôpital, et tenta de notifier à la cour, un mémorandum décrivant ses arguments, motivés en droit, accompagné de deux déclarations de médecins, le tout à l'appui de sa motion requérant un nouveau procès.

Les événements à l'origine de la présente procédure découlent du fait que K. a omis de payer l'avance de frais de justice avant le 2 avril. Le 4 avril, le greffier a annulé le terme du 2 avril et n'a pas fait suivre les documents remis par K. le 2 avril. Avant cette annulation, cependant, K. a obtenu une Ordonnance à l'issue d'une audience "ex parte" tenue le 3 avril, à laquelle elle avait donc seule comparu. L'Ordonnance fixait au 12 avril la date de l'audience pour débattre de la motion requérant un nouveau procès, et fixait au 10 avril la date jusqu'à laquelle l'Hôpital pouvait notifier ses arguments motivés en droit. Le mémorandum de K. portait le timbre du jour de sa réception, accompagné de l'avance de frais, soit le 5 avril. Les affidavits des deux médecins ont été déposés le 9 avril.

L'Hôpital n'a pas objecté à l'admission du mémorandum et des affidavits.

Le 12 avril, la cour de première instance a fait droit à la requête en nouveau procès, au motif qu'il existait une probabilité que le nouveau moyen de preuve (le rapport d'autopsie) pouvait entraîner un résultat différent à l'issue d'un nouveau procès, ledit moyen de preuve n'étant pas susceptible d'avoir pu être découvert plus tôt par quelqu'un de raisonnablement diligent, ni susceptible d'avoir pu être produit dans la première procédure.

Les Sections 656 à 662 du Code de procédure civile prescrivent quand et comment une partie peut requérir un nouvel examen d'une question de fait devant le même Tribunal après une procédure complète et une décision rendue par un Jury, un Tribunal ou un arbitre. Les Sections 659, 659a, et 660 décrivent la procédure et les délais associés à la motion requérant un nouveau procès. Une partie doit notifier son intention de déposer une requête sollicitant le nouveau procès : entre la date de la décision contestée et la date du Jugement formel, ou dans les 15 jours après que le greffe ait posté, ou après que l'adverse partie ait reçu, la notification écrite du Jugement, ou dans les 180 jours après la date du Jugement. Sera retenue de ces trois alternatives celle qui se présente le plus tôt. Une fois que la compétence juridictionnelle est établie par motion, la cour doit se prononcer à son sujet dans les 60 jours à compter du jour où le Jugement a été posté ou à compter du jour de la notification dudit Jugement, ou encore, si aucune notification n'a eu lieu, dans les 60 jours après la notification de l'intention de requérir un nouveau procès.

Au moment où K. a soumis l'un de ses affidavits, la Section 659a stipulait que dans les 10 jours suivant le dépôt de son intention de requérir une nouvelle procédure, la partie requérante devait notifier aux autres parties et déposer au Tribunal les affidavits à l'appui de sa requête. Les autres parties avaient ensuite 10 jours pour notifier et déposer leurs contre-affidavits. Ces deux délais pouvaient, pour justes motifs démontrés par affidavit ou par stipulation écrite des parties, être prolongés par un Juge pour une durée additionnelle ne dépassant pas 20 jours.

Une motion concluant à un nouveau procès s'analyse en une nouvelle procédure, de nature collatérale, et constitue une nouvelle action déposée en vue d'annuler le premier Jugement. Aussi bien le droit de déposer une telle motion que la compétence du Tribunal sont des créations légales. Il n'existe pas de compétence inhérente de la cour d'accorder un nouveau procès. La compétence de la cour de première instance prend naissance lors du dépôt de la "notice of intent" et après que le Jugement ait été rendu et notifié. Les parties ne peuvent pas conférer une compétence à une date antérieure par accord ou par "waiver". Par conséquent, une Ordonnance accordant un nouveau procès alors que les conditions légales ne sont pas respectées est annulable en appel.

En particulier, la cour de première instance perd la compétence de connaître une motion requérant nouveau procès si aucune "notice of intent" n'est déposée dans les 15 jours dès l'envoi par la cour du Jugement ou dès sa notification, ou dans les 180 jours dès le Jugement rendu. Ces délais ne peuvent pas être prolongés par Ordonnance ni par accord des parties. Ces délais sont "jurisdictional".

Par contraste, les cours d'appel fédérales ont jugé de manière consistante que le délai de 10 jours pour déposer des affidavits n'est pas de nature "juridictional". Un Tribunal peut prolonger rétroactivement ce délai jusqu'à 30 jours, même si la partie n'a pas demandé de prolongation.

En l'espèce, l'Hôpital n'a pas objecté au dépôt d'un affidavit après le délai agrégé de 30 jours. La cour de première instance est-elle compétente pour accorder un nouveau procès sur la base de l'affidavit, ou alors l'Ordonnance accordant un nouveau procès est-elle nulle pour défaut de juridiction ?

Quand les Tribunaux utilisent la phrase "défaut de juridiction", ils se référent usuellement à l'une ou l'autre de deux théories, bien que la distinction entre elles soit floue.

Un défaut de "fundamental jurisdiction" est une absence complète de compétence d'entrer en matière ou de se prononcer dans un cas d'espèce, une absence de compétence matérielle ou quant aux parties. "Fundamental jurisdiction" ne peut pas être attribuée par "waiver", par "estoppel", ni par convention des parties. Bien plutôt, un acte au-delà de la compétence de la cour est nul ab initio. C'est pourquoi une partie peut se prévaloir d'un défaut d'une telle compétence pour la première fois en appel.

Par contraste, une cour qui excède ses compétences n'en reste pas moins compétente pour instruire et juger le cas d'espèce qui oppose deux parties définies, de sorte que l'acte qui excède les compétences est valide jusqu'à ce qu'il soit annulé. Les parties peuvent être empêchées d'annuler l'acte par un "waiver", par le mécanisme de l'"estoppel", ou par le passage du temps. Cet acte doit être contesté par voie directe et ne peut généralement pas l'être par voie collatérale une fois que le Jugement est final.

A moins que le législateur n'exprime clairement une intention contraire, les délais sont typiquement "directory". Cette présomption est réfragable. Les Tribunaux ne qualifient les délais de juridictionnels que si le législateur entend clairement les qualifier ainsi.

En interprétant la Section 659a, la Cour commence par l'examen des termes de la loi, en donnant aux mots leur sens usuel et ordinaire, tout en les considérant à la lumière du schéma législatif dans son ensemble, ainsi qu'à la lumière du but de la loi. Le texte de la Section 659a ne révèle pas d'intention claire du législateur de priver les Tribunaux de la compétence de considérer des affidavits déposés hors délai. La Section 659a dispose qu'une partie doit ("shall") notifier à l'adverse partie et déposer au Tribunal ses affidavits dans les 10 jours, ce qui ne signifie pas encore que ce délai soit de nature juridictionnelle. C'est qu'en effet, doivent aussi être considérés le contexte de cette formulation, ainsi que d'autres indices de l'intention du législateur. Le choix de "may" ou de "shall" n'étant qu'un indice parmi d'autres.

Les Sections 659 et 660 prescrivent à quels moments commence et se termine la procédure relative à la motion requérant un nouveau procès. Ces deux délais sont strictement respectés et leur nature est juridictionnelle. Par contraste, la Section 659a régit la dynamique de la période de la procédure elle-même. Le but des délais fixés par dite Section est de procurer des périodes de temps adéquates et de la flexibilité permettant aux parties de soumettre leurs mémoires et moyens, ainsi que de répondre à ceux de l'adverse partie, lesquelles parties pouvant convenir d'autres délais conformes à ce qu'elles considèrent mutuellement comme une procédure équitable et efficiente. Les Tribunaux n'ont pas l'obligation de relever d'office le délai, échu, pour soumettre des affidavits. Manquer à respecter ce délai, sans objection par la partie adverse, ne retire pas au Tribunal sa compétence de considérer les affidavits.

Par conséquent, à la lumière des buts de la Section 659a et au regard de la présomption en défaveur d'une absence de compétence de la cour, et considérant l'absence d'une formulation légale explicite retirant dite compétence, la Cour conclut en l'espèce que la période agrégée de 30 jours pour soumettre les affidavits n'est pas de nature juridictionnelle.