Plea bargain and deportation (California): Penal Code
section 1016.5 requires that before accepting a plea of guilty or nolo
contendere to any criminal offense, the trial court must advise the defendant
that if he or she is not a United States citizen, conviction of the offense may
result in deportation, exclusion from admission to the United States, or denial
of naturalization pursuant to the laws of the United States. (Pen. Code, § 1016.5, subd. (a).) If the advisement was not given, and the
defendant shows that conviction of the offense to which he or she pleaded
guilty or nolo contendere may result in adverse immigration consequences, the
court, on the defendant’s motion, is required to vacate the judgment and permit
the defendant to withdraw his or her plea and enter a plea of not guilty. (Id.,
subd. (b).) Relief will be granted,
however, only if the defendant establishes prejudice. (People
v. Superior Court (Zamudio)
(2000) 23 Cal.4th 183, 210 (Zamudio).) As we explained in Zamudio, prejudice is shown if the defendant establishes it was
reasonably probable he or she would not have pleaded guilty if properly
advised. (Ibid.)
We granted review to consider whether a court ruling
on a motion to vacate pursuant to section 1016.5 may deny relief, for lack of
prejudice, if it concludes the defendant would not have obtained a more
favorable outcome had he or she chosen not to plead guilty or nolo
contendere. We hold that because the
question is what the defendant would have
done, relief should be granted if the court, after considering evidence
offered by the parties relevant to that question, determines the defendant
would have chosen not to plead guilty or nolo contendere, even if the court
also finds it not reasonably probable the defendant would thereby have obtained
a more favorable outcome. Having so concluded, we also consider whether, as
defendant contends, the court ruling on the motion may consider a claim that
the defendant would have rejected the existing plea bargain to attempt to
negotiate a bargain that would not result in deportation, a denial of
naturalization, or exclusion from admission to the United States, or if, as the
Attorney General contends, relief is available only if the defendant would have
rejected the plea bargain to go to trial.
We hold relief is available if the defendant establishes he or she would
have rejected the existing bargain to accept or attempt to negotiate another.
Because the trial court in this case denied relief on
the ground there was no reasonable probability defendant would have obtained a
more favorable result by rejecting the plea bargain, which is not the test for prejudice, we reverse
the judgment of the Court of Appeal affirming the trial court’s order denying
relief and direct it to remand the matter to the trial court to conduct further
proceedings consistent with our opinion here (Cal. S. Ct., 08.08.2013, P. v.
Martinez, S199495).
Peine pénale
négociée et expulsion des Etats-Unis : état du droit californien à ce sujet :
le Code pénal de l’état prévoit qu’avant que le prévenu n’accepte un plea
bargain ou avant qu’il n’accepte de plaider « nolo contendere », il
doit être informé par le Tribunal que s’il n’est pas un citoyen des Etats-Unis,
un jugement condamnatoire est susceptible d’entraîner une expulsion, une
exclusion d’admission sur le territoire U.S., ou un refus de naturalisation. Si
ces informations n’ont pas été données et que le condamné parvient à démontrer
que le jugement condamnatoire est susceptible de lui porter préjudice au sens
de ce qui précède (expulsion, refus d’entrée, refus de naturalisation), le
Tribunal doit, à la demande du condamné, annuler le jugement et permettre au
prévenu de retirer son plea, tout en l’autorisant à plaider non coupable. Ces
remèdes ne seront accordés au condamné que s’il établit un préjudice. Le
préjudice est démontré à satisfaction si le condamné peut établir qu’il était
raisonnablement probable qu’il n’aurait pas plaidé coupable s’il avait été
informé correctement des conséquences.
L’élément
décisif pour accorder l’annulation du jugement est de déterminer ce que le
condamné aurait fait si les informations précitées lui avaient été données. Il
est sans importance que le jugement aurait été le même dans l’hypothèse où le
prévenu n’avait pas plaidé coupable.
De même, le
jugement doit être annulé si le condamné non informé peut établir que si les
informations lui avaient été données, il aurait rejeté l’accord en question
pour tenter d’en négocier un autre ou pour en accepter un autre.
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