Sixth Amendment: to prevail under Strickland, Porter must show that his
counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced him. To establish deficiency, Porter
must show his “counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness.” 466 U. S., at 688. To establish prejudice, he “must show that
there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional
errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id., at 694. Finally, Porter is
entitled to relief only if the state court’s rejection of his claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel was “contrary to, or involved an unreasonable
application of” Strickland, or
it rested “on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the
evidence presented in the State court proceeding.” 28 U. S. C. §2254(d).
Because the state court did not decide whether Porter’s counsel was deficient,
we review this element of Porter’s Strickland
claim de novo. Rompilla v. Beard, 545 U. S. 374, 390 (2005) (…) counsel had an “obligation
to conduct a thorough investigation of the defendant’s background.” Williams v. Taylor, 529 U. S. 362, 396 (2000); under Strickland, a defendant is prejudiced by his counsel’s deficient
performance if “there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.”
466 U. S., at 694; Porter must show that but for his counsel’s deficiency,
there is a reasonable probability he would have received a different sentence.
To assess that probability, we consider “the totality of the available
mitigation evidence—both that adduced at trial, and the evidence adduced in the
habeas proceeding”—and “reweigh it against the evidence in aggravation.” Williams, supra, at 397–398; see Penry
v. Lynaugh, 492 U. S.
302, 219 (1989) (“‘evidence about the defendant’s background and character is
relevant because of the belief, long held by this society, that defendants who
commit criminal acts that are attributable to a disadvantaged background . . .
may be less culpable’”); under Florida law, mental health evidence that does
not rise to the level of establishing a statutory mitigating circumstance may
nonetheless be considered by the sentencing judge and jury as mitigating. See, e.g., Hoskins v. State,
965 So. 2d 1, 17–18 (Fla. 2007) (per
curiam). Indeed, the Constitution requires that “the sentencer in
capital cases must be permitted to consider any relevant mitigating factor.” Eddings v. Oklahoma, 455 U. S. 104, 112 (1982); it is unreasonable to
discount to irrelevance the evidence of Porter’s abusive childhood, especially
when that kind of history may have particular salience for a jury evaluating
Porter’s behavior in his relationship with Williams. It is also unreasonable to
conclude that Porter’s military service would be reduced to “inconsequential
proportions,” 788 So. 2d, at 925, simply because the jury would also have
learned that Porter went AWOL on more than one occasion. Our Nation has a long
tradition of according leniency to veterans in recognition of their service,
especially for those who fought on the front lines as Porter did. Moreover,
the relevance of Porter’s extensive combat experience is not only that he
served honorably under extreme hardship and gruesome conditions, but also that
the jury might find mitigating the intense stress and mental and emotional toll
that combat took on Porter; (fn. 9) cf. Cal. Penal Code Ann. §1170.9(a) (West
Supp. 2009) (providing a special hearing for a person convicted of a crime “who
alleges that he or she committed the offense as a result of post-traumatic
stress disorder substance abuse, or psychological problems stemming from
service in a combat theater in the United States military”); Minn. Stat.
§609.115,Subd. 10 (2008) (providing for a special process at sentencing if the
defendant is a veteran and has been diagnosed as having a mental illness by a
qualified psychiatrist); we do not require a defendant to show “that counsel’s
deficient conduct more likely than not altered the outcome” of his penalty
proceeding, but rather that he establish “a probability sufficient to undermine
confidence in that outcome.” Strickland,
466 U. S., at 693–694. This Porter has done (U.S.S.Ct., 30.11.09, Porter v.
McCollum, Per Curiam).
Monday, November 30, 2009
Porter v. McCollum
Monday, November 16, 2009
Wong v. Belmontes
Sixth Amendment: ineffective assistance of counsel:
Belmontes argues that his counsel was constitutionally ineffective for failing
to investigate and present sufficient mitigating evidence during the penalty
phase of his trial. To prevail on this claim, Belmontes must meet both the
deficient performance and prejudice prongs of Strickland, 466 U. S., at
687. To show deficient performance, Belmontes must establish that “counsel’s
representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.” Id.,
at 688. In light of “the variety of circumstances faced by defense counsel and
the range of legitimate decisions regarding how best to represent a criminal
defendant,” the performance inquiry necessarily turns on “whether counsel’s
assistance was reasonable considering all the circumstances.” Id., at
688–689. At all points, “judicial scrutiny of counsel’s performance must be
highly deferential.” Id., at 689 (…) This was not an empty threat. In
one instance, Schick elicited testimony that Belmontes was not a violent
person. The State objected and, out of earshot of the jury, argued that it
should be able to rebut the testimony with the Howard murder evidence. Id.,
at 2332–2334. The Court warned Schick that it was “going to have to allow the
prosecution to go into the whole background” if Schick continued his line of
questioning. Id., at 2334. Schick acquiesced, and the court struck the
testimony. Ibid.; to establish prejudice, Belmontes must show “a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the
result of the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.
S., at 694. That showing requires Belmontes to establish “a reasonable
probability that a competent attorney, aware of the available mitigating
evidence, would have introduced it at sentencing,” and “that had the jury been
confronted with this . . . mitigating evidence, there is a reasonable
probability that it would have returned with a different sentence.” Wiggins v.
Smith, 539 U. S. 510, 535, 536 (2003) (…) expert testimony discussing
Belmontes’ mental state, seeking to explain his behavior, or putting it in some
favorable context would have exposed Belmontes to the Howard evidence. See Darden
v. Wainwright, 477 U. S. 168,
186 (1986) (“Any attempt to portray petitioner as a nonviolent man would have
opened the door for the State to rebut with evidence of petitioner’s prior
convictions. . . . Similarly, if defense counsel had attempted to put on
evidence that petitioner was a family man, they would have been faced with his
admission at trial that, although still married, he was spending the weekend
furlough with a girlfriend”); Strickland
does not require the State to “rule out” a sentence of life in prison to
prevail. Rather, Strickland places the burden on the defendant, not the
State, to show a “reasonable probability” that the result would have been
different. 466 U. S., at 694; Justice STEVENS, concurring: both the California
Supreme Court and this Court squarely held that a jury must be allowed to give
weight to any aspect of a defendant’s character or history that may provide a
basis for a sentence other than death, even if such evidence does not “‘tend to
reduce the defendant’s culpability for his crime.’” Id., at 28 (quoting Skipper
v. South Carolina, 476 U. S. 1, 11 (1986) (Powell, J., concurring in
judgment)) (U.S.S.Ct., 16.11.09, Wong v. Belmontes, Per Curiam).
Wong v. Belmontes confirme les
principes définis dans la décision précédente Bobby v. Van Hook. Pour se
prévaloir utilement d’une défense de qualité insuffisante (au regard du droit
du prévenu dans le procès pénal de bénéficier d’une « assistance
effective »), le prévenu doit démontrer l’existence d’une performance
insuffisante ainsi que l’existence d’un préjudice. La notion de performance
insuffisante est décrite dans la décision précédente Bobby v. Van Hook. Il est
précisé ici que le Juge doit apprécier le travail de l’avocat avec déférence.
Cette affaire présente ceci de particulier que l’avocat a décidé - à juste
titre dit la Cour – de ne pas présenter d’éléments visant à prouver le
caractère non violent du prévenu. L’avocat a également à juste titre renoncé à
présenter une expertise psychiatrique et à présenter des preuves visant à
dépeindre le prévenu comme un homme proche de sa famille. En effet, la
présentation d’éléments de cette sorte aurait « ouvert la porte » à
l’accusation, qui aurait alors été en droit d’apporter des éléments relatifs à
d’anciennes condamnations pénales (ici un autre homicide) ou relatifs à une
liaison extraconjugale (l’accusation disposait de preuves de nature à établir
que le prévenu, marié, avait passé un week-end avec une autre femme). En effet,
selon les règles en matière de preuves, l’accusation n’est pas en droit
d’apporter ces éléments directement, elle ne peut le faire que si le prévenu
« ouvre la porte ». De la sorte, en l’espèce, ne pas apporter d’éléments
en rapport avec le caractère de l’accusé ne constituait nullement une
défaillance de l’avocat. Pour ce qui est du préjudice (second élément que le
prévenu doit établir pour se prévaloir d’une défense insuffisante), le prévenu
doit démontrer l’existence d’une probabilité raisonnable qu’en l’absence des
erreurs de son avocat, le résultat du procès aurait pu lui être plus favorable.
Il lui incombe ainsi d’établir l’existence d’une probabilité raisonnable qu’un
avocat compétent aurait introduit au procès les preuves disponibles
susceptibles de réduire la peine, ainsi que d’une probabilité raisonnable que
si le jury avait eu connaissance de ces preuves, il aurait rendu un verdict
différent. Dans son opinion concurrente, le Juge John Paul Stevens rappelle
qu’aussi bien la Cour Suprême de l’état de Californie que la Cour Suprême
fédérale ont jugé qu’un jury doit être admis à soupeser tous les aspects du
caractère ou de l’histoire d’un prévenu susceptibles de conduire à une peine
autre que la peine de mort.
Monday, November 9, 2009
Bobby v. Van Hook
Sixth Amendment: entitles criminal defendants to the
“‘effective assistance of counsel’”—that is, representation that does not fall
“below an objective standard of reasonableness” in light of “prevailing
professional norms.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668, 686
(1984) (quoting McMann v. Richardson, 397 U. S. 759, 771, n. 14
(1970)). That standard is necessarily a general one. “No particular set of
detailed rules for counsel’s conduct can satisfactorily take account of the
variety of circumstances faced by defense counsel or the range of legitimate
decisions regarding how best to represent a criminal defendant.” 466 U. S., at
688–689. Restatements of professional standards, we have recognized, can be
useful as “guides” to what reasonableness entails, but only to the extent they
describe the professional norms prevailing when the representation took place. Id.,
at 688.
The Sixth Circuit ignored this limiting principle,
relying on ABA guidelines announced 18 years after Van Hook went to trial. See
560 F. 3d, at 526–528 (quoting ABA Guidelines for the Appointment and
Performance of Defense Counsel in Death Penalty Cases 10.7, comment., pp.81–83
(rev. ed. 2003)). The ABA standards in effect in 1985 described defense
counsel’s duty to investigate both the merits and mitigating circumstances in
general terms: “it is the duty of the lawyer to conduct a prompt investigation
of the circumstances of the case and to explore all avenues leading to facts
relevant to the merits of the case and the penalty in the event of conviction.”
1 ABA Standards for Criminal Justice 4–4.1, p. 4–53 (2d ed. 1980). The
accompanying two-page commentary noted that defense counsel have “a substantial
and important role to perform in raising mitigating factors,” and that “information
concerning the defendant’s background, education, employment record, mental and
emotional stability, family relationships, and the like, will be relevant, as
will mitigating circumstances surrounding the commission of the offense
itself.” Id., at 4–55.
Quite different are the ABA’s 131-page “Guidelines”
for capital defense counsel, published in 2003, on which the Sixth Circuit
relied. Those directives expanded what had been (in the 1980 Standards) a broad
outline of defense counsel’s duties in all criminal cases into detailed
prescriptions for legal representation of capital defendants. They discuss the
duty to investigate mitigating evidence in exhaustive detail, specifying what
attorneys should look for, where to look, and when to begin. See ABA Guidelines
10.7, comment., at 80–85. They include, for example, the requirement that
counsel’s investigation cover every period of the defendant’s life from “the
moment of conception,” id., at 81, and that counsel contact “virtually
everyone . . . who knew the defendant and his family” and obtain records
“concerning not only the client, but also his parents, grandparents, siblings,
and children,” id., at 83.
Judging counsel’s conduct in the 1980’s on the basis
of these 2003 Guidelines—without even pausing to consider whether they
reflected the prevailing professional practice at the time of the trial—was
error.
To make matters worse, the Court of Appeals (following
Circuit precedent) treated the ABA’s 2003 Guidelines not merely as evidence of
what reasonably diligent attorneys would do, but as inexorable commands with which
all capital defense counsel “‘must fully comply.’” 560 F. 3d, at 526 (quoting Dickerson
v. Bagley, 453 F. 3d 690, 693 (CA6 2006)). Strickland stressed,
however, that “American Bar Association standards and the like” are “only
guides” to what reasonableness means, not its definition. 466 U. S., at 688. We
have since regarded them as such. See Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U. S.
510, 524 (2003). What we have said of state requirements is a fortiori true
of standards set by private organizations: “while States are free to impose
whatever specific rules they see fit to ensure that criminal defendants are
well represented, we have held that the Federal Constitution imposes one
general requirement: that counsel make objectively reasonable choices.” Roe v.
Flores-Ortega, 528 U. S. 470, 479 (2000). The narrow grounds for our
opinion should not be regarded as accepting the legitimacy of a less
categorical use of the Guidelines to evaluate post-2003 representation. For
that to be proper, the Guidelines must reflect “prevailing norms of practice,” Strickland,
466 U. S., at 688, and “standard practice,” Wiggins v. Smith, 539
U. S. 510, 524 (2003), and must not be so detailed that they would
“interfere with the constitutionally protected independence of counsel and
restrict the wide latitude counsel must have in making tactical decisions,” Strickland,
supra, at 689. We express no views on whether the 2003 Guidelines meet
these criteria. (…) But there comes a point at which evidence from more distant
relatives can reasonably be expected to be only cumulative, and the search for
it distractive from more important duties. JUSTICE ALITO, concurring : I join
the Court’s per curiam opinion but emphasize my understanding that the
opinion in no way suggests that the American Bar Association’s Guidelines for
the Appointment and Performance of Defense Counsel in Death Penalty Cases (rev.
ed. 2003) (2003 Guidelines or ABA Guidelines) have special relevance in
determining whether an attorney’s performance meets the standard required by
the Sixth Amendment. The ABA is a venerable organization with a history of
service to the bar, but it is, after all, a private group with limited
membership. The views of the association’s members, not to mention the views of
the members of the advisory committee that formulated the 2003 Guidelines, do
not necessarily reflect the views of the American bar as a whole. It is the
responsibility of the courts to determine the nature of the work that a defense
attorney must do in a capital case in order to meet the obligations imposed by
the Constitution, and I see no reason why the ABA Guidelines should be given a
privileged position in making that determination (U.S.S.Ct., 09.11.09, Bobby v.
Van Hook, Per Curiam).
Le Sixième
Amendement de la Constitution fédérale confère au prévenu dans le procès pénal
une “assistance effective de son avocat”, soit une représentation de ses
intérêts d’une qualité qui ne soit pas inférieure à un standard objectif
raisonnable, examiné à la lumière des normes professionnelles prévalantes. Ce
standard est nécessairement de caractère général en raison de la variété des
circonstances que rencontre l’avocat de la défense et en raison de la variété
des décisions relatives à la manière de représenter au mieux le prévenu. Les
compilations d’associations professionnelles peuvent aider la Cour à
concrétiser le caractère raisonnable dudit standard, mais seulement dans la
mesure où ces compilations décrivent les normes professionnelles reconnues au moment
de l’exercice de la défense d’un prévenu déterminé. Les lignes directrices de
l’Association du barreau américain applicables à la présente cause (2è éd.,
1980) décrivent les devoirs de l’avocat en termes généraux, tandis que les
lignes directrices publiées en 2003, sur lesquelles l’autorité précédente s’est
– à tort – basée, décrivent ces devoirs très en détail. Peut-être cette
description très (trop) détaillée, est-elle une des raisons qui ont conduit le
Juge Samuel Alito à insister, dans son opinion concurrente (reproduite
intégralement ci-dessus) sur le fait que la Cour devrait vraiment considérer
les lignes directrices précitées comme non contraignantes pour les Tribunaux.
Ces lignes directrices émanent d’une association privée, et non d’une administration
publique (Agency, voir ce terme). Les divers types de règles qui émanent des
administrations publiques sont considérés avec davantage de déférence,
notamment suivant la jurisprudence Chevron. La Cour poursuit en précisant que
les standards décrits par l’Association du barreau américain et d’autres
associations de ce type ne sont que des guides permettant d’appréhender la
signification du « caractère raisonnable » des devoirs de l’avocat.
Ce que la Cour a prononcé au sujet de la liberté des 50 états et du District de
Columbia de réglementer ce domaine est a fortiori applicable aux standards
posés par des associations privées : les états sont libres d’imposer les
règles qu’ils estiment appropriées pour assurer une défense adéquate des
prévenus. Mais la Constitution fédérale impose une obligation générale :
que les choix de l’avocat soient objectivement raisonnables. La Cour laisse
ouverte les questions de savoir si les lignes directrices de 2003, très
détaillées, interfèrent ou non avec l’indépendance constitutionnellement
protégée de l’avocat, et si elles restreignent excessivement la large latitude
dont bénéficie l’avocat dans ses décisions tactiques.
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