Franchising
(in California & other states): the franchisor, which sells the right to
use its trademark and comprehensive business plan, can expand its enterprise
while avoiding the risk and cost of running its own stores. The other party, the franchisee, independently
owns, runs, and staffs the retail outlet that sells goods under the
franchisor’s name. By following the
standards used by all stores in the same chain, the self-motivated franchisee
profits from the expertise, goodwill, and reputation of the franchisor. In the
present case, a male supervisor employed by a franchisee allegedly subjected a
female subordinate to sexual harassment while they worked together at the
franchisee’s pizza store. The victim,
who is the plaintiff herein, sued the franchisor,
along with the harasser and franchisee.
The plaintiff claimed that because the franchisor was the “employer” of
persons working for the franchisee, and because the franchisee was the “agent”
of the franchisor, the latter could be held vicariously liable for the
harasser’s alleged breach of statutory and tort law. We granted review to
address the novel question dividing the lower courts in this case: does a franchisor stand in an employment or
agency relationship with the franchisee and its employees for purposes of
holding it vicariously liable for workplace injuries allegedly inflicted by one
employee of a franchisee while supervising another employee of the
franchisee? The answer lies in the
inherent nature of the franchise relationship itself. The imposition and
enforcement of a uniform marketing and operational plan cannot automatically saddle the franchisor with
responsibility for employees of the franchisee who injure each other on the
job. The contract-based operational
division that otherwise exists between the franchisor and the franchisee would
be violated by holding the franchisor accountable for misdeeds committed by
employees who are under the direct supervision of the franchisee, and over whom
the franchisor has no contractual or operational control. It follows that
potential liability on the theories pled here requires that the franchisor
exhibit the traditionally understood characteristics of an “employer” or
“principal” i.e., it has retained or assumed a general right of control over
factors such as hiring, direction, supervision, discipline, discharge, and
relevant day-to-day aspects of the workplace behavior of the franchisee’s
employees. (See Vernon v. State of California (2004) 116 Cal.App.4th 114, 124 (Vernon) [considering “the ‘totality of
circumstances’ that reflect upon the nature of the work relationship of the
parties”].)
Here,
the franchisor prescribed standards and procedures involving pizza-making and
delivery, general store operations, and brand image. These standards were vigorously enforced
through representatives of the franchisor who inspected franchised stores. However, there was considerable, essentially
uncontradicted evidence that the franchisee
made day-to-day decisions involving the hiring, supervision, and disciplining
of his employees. Plaintiff herself
testified that after the franchisee hired her, she followed his policy, and
reported the alleged sexual harassment to him.
The franchisee suspended the offender.
Nothing contractually required or allowed the franchisor to intrude on
this process. Plaintiff highlights the franchisee’s testimony that a
representative of the franchisor said the harasser should be fired. But, consistent with the trial court’s ruling
below, any inference that this statement represented franchisor “control” over
discipline for sexual harassment complaints cannot reasonably be drawn from the
evidence. The uncontradicted evidence
showed that the franchisee imposed discipline consistent with his own personnel
policies, declined to follow the ad hoc advice of the franchisor’s representative,
and neither expected nor sustained any sanction for doing so.
For
these reasons, we will reverse the Court of Appeal’s decision overturning the
grant of summary judgment in the franchisor’s favor. After a hearing, the trial
court issued a lengthy statement of decision granting summary judgment for
Domino’s on all counts. The trial court concluded, as a matter of law, that
Domino’s was not vicariously liable on any claim alleged in the complaint. Patterson’s action against Domino’s was
dismissed. the Court of Appeal found a triable issue of fact on Domino’s role
as an “employer” or “principal” for vicarious liability purposes. The judgment that had been entered in
Domino’s favor was reversed. We granted Domino’s petition for review. The issue was limited to determining a
franchisor’s potential vicarious liability for wrongful acts committed by one
employee of a franchisee while supervising another employee of the franchisee.
. (Killion, Franchisor Vicarious Liability — The Proverbial Assault on the Citadel (2005) 24 Franchise L.J. 162,
165 (Citadel); see Shelley &
Morton, “Control” in Franchising and the Common Law (2000)
19 Franchise L.J. 119, 121; (Killion, The Modern Myth of the Vulnerable Franchisee:
The Case for a More Balanced View of the
Franchisor-Franchisee Relationship
(2008) 28 Franchise L.J. 23, 24; under the business format model, the
franchisee pays royalties and fees for the right to sell products or services
under the franchisor’s name and trademark.
In the process, the franchisee also
acquires a business plan, which the franchisor has crafted for all of its
stores. (Catch 22, supra, 40 Ind.
L.Rev. 611, 615-616.) This business plan
requires the franchisee to follow a system of standards and procedures. A long list of marketing, production,
operational, and administrative areas is typically involved. (See Control,
supra, 19 Franchise L.J. 119,
121.) The franchisor’s system can take
the form of printed manuals, training programs, advertising services, and
managerial support, among other things.
(Catch 22, supra, 40 Ind. L.Rev. 611, 616.) (See Corp. Code, § 31005,
subd. (a) [defining a “ ‘franchise’ ” under the Franchise Investment
Law, which regulates the offer and sale of franchises, as a contractual right
granted to a franchisee, in exchange for a franchise fee, to engage in a business
which offers, sells, or distributes goods or services, and which is operated
under a marketing plan or system prescribed in substantial part by a franchisor
and substantially associated with the franchisor’s trademark]); see also Bus.
& Prof. Code, § 20001, subd. (a) [setting forth a similar definition
of “ ‘franchise’ ” in the California Franchise Relations Act, which
regulates the renewal, transfer, and termination of franchises]; see,
generally, Gentis v. Safeguard Business
Systems, Inc. (1998) 60 Cal.App.4th 1294, 1297-1301. The business format
arrangement allows the franchisor to raise capital and grow its business, while
shifting the burden of running local stores to the franchisee. The systemwide standards and controls provide
a means of protecting the trademarked brand at great distances. (King, Limiting
the Vicarious Liability of Franchisors for the Torts of their Franchisees
(2005) 62 Wash. & Lee L.Rev. 417, 423 (Vicarious
Liability).) The goal — which benefits both parties to the contract — is to
build and keep customer trust by ensuring consistency and uniformity in the
quality of goods and services, the dress of franchise employees, and the design
of the stores themselves. (Blair &
Lafontaine, Understanding the Economics
of Franchising and the Laws That Regulate It (2006) 26 Franchise L.J. 55,
59-60; Control, supra, 19 Franchise L.J. 119, 121.) Federal trademark law plays
some role in this process. (See
Fournaris, The Inadvertent Employer:
Legal and Business Risks of Employment Determinations to Franchise Systems
(2008) 27 Franchise L.J. 224 (Inadvertent
Employer) [stating that federal law “obligates a licensor of trademarks,
such as a franchisor, to protect the integrity of its registered and
unregistered marks by monitoring their use, as well as the quality of the goods
and services bearing such marks”]); Vicarious
Liability, supra, 62 Wash. & Lee L.Rev. 417, 468 [noting trademark may
be deemed “abandoned” under federal law if licensor fails to exercise
sufficient control over its use by licensee]; see also, 15 U.S.C. § 1127
[defining when trademark is deemed “abandoned”]; 1 Browne, Cal. Business
Litigation (Cont.Ed.Bar 2014) Trademarks, § 6.128, pp. 6-87 to 6-90
[discussing defense of “abandonment” in trademark infringement suits]. In the typical arrangement, the franchisee
decides who will work as his employees, and controls day-to-day operations in
his store. (Inadvertent Employer, supra, 27 Franchise L.J. 224.) Domino’s
franchisees are known to be particularly well motivated. (See Catch
22, supra, 40 Ind. L.Rev. 611, 616, fn. 45.) According to Devereaux, the company has an
“internal” selection system. Most of its
franchisees have been the manager of a Domino’s pizza store for at least one
year, and have completed training as both a manager and a franchisee; the
venerable respondeat superior rule provides that “an employer may be held vicariously liable for torts committed by an
employee within the scope of employment.”
(Mary M. v. City of Los Angeles (1991) 54 Cal.3d 202, 208, italics
added.) The doctrine contravenes the
general rule of tort liability based on fault.
(Ibid.) Under certain circumstances, the employer may
be subject to this form of vicarious liability even for an employee’s willful, malicious,
and criminal conduct. (Lisa M. v. Henry Mayo Newhall Memorial
Hospital (1995) 12 Cal.4th 291, 296-299.)
We know of no decision by a California court addressing a franchisor’s
statutory or common law liability under FEHA for sexual harassment claims made
by one employee of a franchisee against another employee (or supervisor) of the
franchisee. Nor has this court decided
whether a franchisor may be considered an “employer” who is vicariously liable
for torts committed by someone working for the franchisee; Patterson contends,
based on the foregoing principles and authorities, that operating systems like
the one used by Domino’s protect far more than trademark, trade name, and
goodwill, and deprive franchisees of the means and manner by which to assert
managerial control. Like the instant
Court of Appeal, she reasons that the degree of control exercised by
franchisors like Domino’s makes each franchisee the agent of the franchisor for
all business purposes, and renders each employee of the franchisee an employee
of the franchisor in vicarious liability terms. We disagree. We conclude as
follows:
The
“means and manner” test generally used by the Courts of Appeal cannot stand for
the proposition that a comprehensive operating system alone constitutes the
“control” needed to support vicarious liability claims like those raised
here. As noted, a franchise contract
consists of standards, procedures, and requirements that regulate each store
for the benefit of both parties. This
approach minimizes chain-wide variations that can affect product quality,
customer service, trade name, business methods, public reputation, and
commercial image. (See generally Citadel,
supra, 24 Franchise L.J. 162, 164 [noting that the problem with applying
the traditional agency model to determine vicarious liability in the
franchising context is that franchising is “all about controls”]; Control, supra, 19 Franchise L.J. 119, 120 [calling for a clear distinction
between “two fundamentally different concepts of control” — the control
implicit in the franchise relationship, which should not necessarily warrant
vicarious liability, and day-to-day operational control, which might warrant
vicarious liability]; Flynn, The Law of
Franchisor Vicarious Liability: A
Critique (1993) 1993 Colum. Bus. L.Rev. 89, 91 [observing that the
traditional agency model does not work well in determining the vicarious
liability of a franchisor because there must be some franchisor control “over
the means of performance”]; Laufer & Gurnick, Minimizing Vicarious Liability of Franchisors for Acts of Their
Franchisees (1987) 6 Franchise L.J. No. 4, 3 (Minimizing) [maintaining that the “control required for a franchise
to exist is not inherently sufficient to establish an actual agency”].) More to
the point, there are sound and legitimate reasons for business format contracts
like the present one to allocate local personnel issues almost exclusively to
the franchisee. As we have explained,
franchisees are owner-operators who hold a personal and financial stake in the
business. A major incentive is the
franchisee’s right to hire the people who work for him, and to oversee their
performance each day. A franchisor
enters this arena, and becomes potentially liable for actions of the
franchisee’s employees, only if it has retained or assumed a general right of
control over factors such as hiring, direction, supervision, discipline,
discharge, and relevant day-to-day aspects of the workplace behavior of the
franchisee’s employees. Thus, the mere fact that the franchisor has reserved
the right to require or suggest uniform workplace standards intended to protect
its brand, and the quality of customer service, at its franchised locations is
not, standing alone, sufficient to impose “employer” or “principal” liability
on the franchisor for statutory or common law violations by one of the
franchisee’s employees toward another.
Any other guiding principle would disrupt the franchise relationship.
(See generally Inadvertent Employer,
supra, 27 Franchise L.J. 224 [observing that franchisees “control the
day-to-day operations of their franchised businesses,” including the right to
“hire and fire their own employees”]; Ellis & Alcantar, Franchisor Liability for the Criminal Acts
of Others (1998) 18 Franchise L.J. 11, 12 [asserting that a franchisor
should not be held liable for injurious acts of a franchisee’s employees “if it
does not control personnel decisions,” including hiring and firing]; Vicarious Liability, supra, 62 Wash.
& Lee L.Rev. 417, 467 [noting that the franchise relationship “ ‘sets
out a detailed scheme of control between two autonomous businesses’ ”]; Minimizing, supra, 6 Franchise L.J. 3, 6
[suggesting that franchise contracts “normally” give the franchisee control
over the hiring and firing of employees].) Finally, nothing we say here is
materially at odds with the analysis that would apply if we examined
plaintiff’s three FEHA claims in terms of the principles developed under this
statutory scheme outside of the
franchising context. In general, FEHA is
designed to prevent and deter unlawful employment practices, and to redress
their adverse effects. (§ 12920.5; State Dept., supra, 31 Cal.4th 1026,
1044.) Essential to plaintiff’s
statutory claims is the existence of “an employment relationship.” (Vernon,
supra, 116 Cal.App.4th 114, 127.) In
other words, and as noted above, Domino’s statutory liability for the acts of
sexual harassment that allegedly occurred at the Sui Juris store depends on
whether Domino’s was an “employer” of both plaintiff and the harasser,
Miranda. (§ 12940, subds. (h)
[retaliation for reporting sexual harassment], (j)(1) [sexual harassment], (k)
[failure to take preventative steps].) There are few California cases defining
an “employer” under the FEHA provisions invoked here. But, it appears, traditional common law
principles of agency and respondeat superior supply the proper analytical
framework under FEHA, as they do for franchising generally. Courts in FEHA cases have emphasized “the control
exercised by the employer over the employee’s performance of employment
duties.” (Bradley v. Department of Corrections & Rehabilitation (2008)
158 Cal.App.4th 1612, 1626, citing Vernon,
supra, 116 Cal.App.4th 114, 124-125; accord, McCoy v. Pacific Maritime Assn. (2013) 216 Cal.App.4th 283,
301-302.) This standard requires “a
comprehensive and immediate level of ‘day-to-day’ authority” over matters such
as hiring, firing, direction, supervision, and discipline of the employee. (Vernon,
supra, 116 Cal.App.4th at pp. 127-128.)
As
discussed above, Domino’s lacked the general control of an “employer” or
“principal” over relevant day-to-day aspects of the employment and workplace
behavior of Sui Juris’s employees.
Application of the FEHA test for determining an employment relationship
produces no different result in this franchising case than the one we have
already reached. Plaintiff is mistaken
to the extent she implies that the contrary is true. Here, the Court of Appeal
erred in finding a triable issue of fact on whether an employment or agency
relationship existed as a prerequisite to holding Domino’s strictly or
vicariously liable for Miranda’s alleged sexual harassment of Patterson. At
least two courts in other states have recently upheld summary judgment for
Domino’s, as a franchisor, because it did not possess sufficient supervisorial
control to be held vicariously liable on an agency or employment theory for
torts committed by employees of a Domino’s franchisee. Such was the case despite evidence of
standard Domino’s contracts and reference guides closely related to those at
issue here. (See Rainey v. Langen, supra, 998 A.2d 342, 350-351; Viado v. Domino’s Pizza, LLC, supra, 217
P.3d 199, 209.) Patterson, like the
Court of Appeal opinion in the instant case, quotes language from an older
decision that reached the opposite result.
(Parker v. Domino’s Pizza, Inc., supra, 629 So.2d 1026, 1029 [describing
Domino’s reference guide as “a veritable bible for overseeing a Domino’s
operation”].) Consistent with the exclusive control vested in Sui Juris over
its own employees, neither the contract nor the MRG empowered Domino’s to
establish a sexual harassment policy or training program for Sui Juris’s
employees. Nor was there any procedure
by which Sui Juris’s employees could report such complaints to Domino’s. In fact, the topic did not appear in the
franchise documents at all. According to the testimonial evidence, Poff
exercised sole control over selecting the individuals who worked in his
store. He did not include Domino’s in
the application, interview, or hiring process.
Nor did anyone attempt to intervene on Domino’s behalf. It was Poff’s decision to hire Patterson as a
new employee and to otherwise retain the existing staff when he bought the
franchise.
Evidence
about the training of Sui Juris’s employees is more nuanced, but did not
indicate control over relevant day-to-day aspects of employment and employee
conduct. It appears the parties did not
follow the literal language of the contract placing sole responsibility on Sui
Juris for handling all training
programs for its employees. Domino’s
provided new employees with orientation materials in both electronic and
handbook form. Such programs
supplemented the training that Poff was required to conduct. However, with
respect to training employees on how to treat each other at work, and how to avoid sexual harassment, it
appears that Sui Juris, not Domino’s, was in control. There was no evidence that the training
programs Domino’s placed on the PULSE computer system covered these subjects. What is clear is that Poff implemented his own sexual harassment policy and
training program for his employees. He
adopted a zero tolerance approach, among other things. Poff held meetings in which he personally and
vigorously trained his managers about sexual harassment. He also installed his policy on the PULSE
computer system for other employees to view. No Domino’s representative,
including Lee, trained Sui Juris employees on sexual harassment. Nothing in the record indicates that any
Domino’s representative reviewed Poff’s sexual harassment policy, discussed its
substance with Poff or his employees, or observed any training sessions at the
store.
Of
particular relevance is that Poff’s sexual harassment policy and training
program came with the authority to impose discipline for any violations. The record shows that Poff, not Domino’s,
wielded such significant control. No reasonable inference can be drawn that
Domino’s, through Lee, retained or assumed the traditional right of general
control an “employer” or “principal” has over factors such as hiring,
direction, supervision, discipline, discharge, and relevant day-to-day aspects
of the workplace behavior of the franchisee’s employees. Hence, there is no basis on which to find a
triable issue of fact that an employment or agency relationship existed between
Domino’s and Sui Juris and its employees in order to support Patterson’s claims
against Domino’s on vicarious liability grounds. Nothing we say herein is
intended to minimize the seriousness of sexual harassment in the workplace,
particularly by a supervisor. (See State Dept., supra, 31 Cal.4th 1026,
1048.) Nor do we mean to imply that
franchisors, including those of immense size, can never be held accountable for
sexual harassment at a franchised location.
A franchisor will be liable if it has retained or assumed the right of
general control over the relevant day-to-day operations at its franchised
locations that we have described, and cannot escape liability in such a case
merely because it failed or declined to establish a policy with regard to that
particular conduct. Our holding is
limited to determining the circumstances under which an employment or agency
relationship exists as a prerequisite to pursuing statutory and tort theories
like those alleged against the franchisor here.
The
judgment of the Court of Appeal is reversed (Baxter, J., with three concurring
Justices and three dissenting) (Cal. S.Ct., 28.08.2014, S204543,
Patterson v. Domino’s Pizza).
Contrat de franchise (en droit californien et dans d’autres
états) : le franchiseur vend le droit d’utiliser sa marque commerciale et
son business plan. Il peut de la sorte étendre son activité entrepreneuriale
tout en évitant les risques et les coûts qui résulteraient de l’exploitation
propre de ses enseignes. L’autre partie au contrat, le franchisé, détient et
opère en tant qu’indépendant l’une de ces enseignes qui écoule des produits
sous le nom du franchiseur. Le franchisé s’occupe aussi de la politique du
personnel. En se conformant aux standards utilisés par tous les magasins de la
même chaîne, un franchisé motivé profite de l’expertise, de la clientèle et de
la réputation du franchiseur. Dans la présente affaire, un supérieur
hiérarchique masculin, travaillant pour le compte du franchisé, aurait soumis
sa collaboratrice subordonnée à du harcèlement sexuel pendant leur activité
pour le compte du franchisé. La victime a ouvert action contre le franchiseur
directement, ainsi que contre le prétendu harceleur et contre le franchisé. La
victime soutient qu’au plan juridique, le franchiseur peut être tenu
indirectement responsable des actes du harceleur, considérant d’une part que le
franchiseur était l’employeur des personnes travaillant pour le franchisé, et
d’autre part que le franchisé était l’agent du franchiseur. La Cour Suprême de
Californie juge que même si la nature du contrat de franchise implique que le
franchiseur impose au franchisé un plan uniforme de marketing et d’opérations,
dont ledit franchiseur contrôlera la bonne exécution, il n’en découle pas
automatiquement une responsabilité du franchiseur pour les dommages que
s’infligent en cours d’emploi les employés du franchisé. Le contrat de
franchise serait violé si l’on considérait le franchiseur comme responsable des
actes contraires au droit commis par des employés sous la supervision directe
du franchisé, et sur lesquels le franchiseur n’a de contrôle ni contractuel ni
opérationnel. Il en découle ici qu’une responsabilité du franchiseur requiert
que le franchiseur se trouve dans la position d’un employeur ou d’un
« principal » (au sens du droit du contrat d’agent) telles que ces
deux notions sont traditionnellement comprises, soit que le franchiseur
détienne ou exerce un droit de contrôle général portant sur des facteurs tels
que l’engagement du personnel du franchisé, la direction, la supervision, la
discipline et le licenciement de ces employés, ainsi qu’un droit de contrôle
sur les aspects relevants du comportement au jour le jour de ces employés sur
la place de travail. Est à considérer à ce niveau la totalité des circonstances
relatives à la nature des relations de travail entre les parties. En l’espèce,
le franchiseur a prescrit des standards et des procédures s’agissant du produit
commercialisé (la fabrication et la livraison de pizzas), des opérations
générales d’un point de vente particulier, et de l’image de la marque.
L’application effective de ces standards par les différents point de vente est
vigoureusement contrôlée et mise en œuvre par des représentants du franchiseur,
chargés d’inspecter les points de vente. Cependant, le dossier contient de
nombreuses preuves, essentiellement non contestées, que c’est bien le franchisé
lui-même qui prend les décisions au jour le jour impliquant l’engagement, la
surveillance, et les sanctions relatifs au personnel des restaurants. La
demanderesse, en l’espèce, s’est plainte de harcèlement sexuel auprès de son
franchisé (qui l’avait engagée et instruite), lequel a suspendu le prétendu
harceleur. Au plan contractuel, rien n’exigeait l’intrusion du franchiseur dans
cette suite d’événements. Rien ne lui aurait non plus contractuellement permis
de le faire. Pour toutes ces raisons, la Cour Suprême de Californie renverse la
décision de la cour d’appel, laquelle avait renversé la décision de première
instance accordant jugement selon la procédure sommaire en faveur du
franchiseur. (La cour d’appel avait considéré qu’il existait en l’espèce des
questions de fait devant être jugée, de sorte qu’un jugement sommaire n’était
pas possible). La présente décision de la Cour Suprême se réfère à plusieurs
ouvrages de doctrine traitant du droit du contrat de franchise. Dans un contrat de franchise-type, le
franchisé paye des royautés et des frais contre le droit de vendre des produits
ou des services sous la raison sociale et la marque du franchiseur. Le
franchisé reçoit également un business plan préparé par le franchiseur pour
tous ses établissements de vente. Ce plan contient usuellement une longue liste
de standards et de procédures à respecter, portant sur des domaines aussi
divers que le marketing, la production, le domaine opérationnel et
administratif. En droit californien, le contrat de franchise est régi par des
dispositions spéciales du Code des sociétés et du Bus. & Prof. Code. En
particulier, le renouvellement, le transfert et la fin du contrat de franchise
sont régis par la loi californienne « California Franchise Relations
Act ». De manière générale, le droit des marques (qui relève du droit
fédéral) joue un rôle dans le domaine du contrat de franchise. Ainsi par
exemple le droit fédéral oblige un donneur de licence portant sur une marque,
tel un franchiseur, de protéger l’intégrité de ses marques enregistrées ou non,
en surveillant leur usage, ainsi que la qualité des biens et services portant
sur lesdites marques. Selon le droit fédéral, le droit à la marque peut être
considéré comme abandonné si le donneur de licence n’exerce pas un contrôle
suffisant sur l’usage de la marque par le preneur de licence. Et toujours dans
le cadre du contrat de franchise typique, c’est le franchisé qui choisit ses
employés et qui contrôle l’activité quotidienne dans son point de vente. Par
ailleurs, la vénérable règle connue sous le nom de « respondeat
superior » prévoit qu’un employeur peut être tenu indirectement
responsable pour les actes illicites commis par un employé dans le cadre de son
emploi. Cette règle contrevient à la règle générale de la responsabilité
civile, basée sur la notion de faute. Sous certaines circonstances, l’employeur
peut être sujet à cette forme de responsabilité indirecte même pour une
conduite intentionnelle, « malicieuse » ou criminelle de l’employé.
Avant la présente affaire, les cours de Californie n’ont pas eu l’opportunité
de se prononcer sur la responsabilité du franchiseur basée sur le droit du
travail fédéral (FEHA, au sens formel ou selon ce que la Common law permet
d’obtenir de cette loi fédérale) quand un employé du franchisé se plaint de
harcèlement sexuel de la part d’un autre employé du même franchisé, fut-il ou non
son supérieur hiérarchique. La Cour Suprême de Californie n’a pas non plus
tranché la question de savoir si un franchiseur peut être qualifié d’employeur,
indirectement responsable des actes illicites commis par une personne employée
par un franchisé. Il est fondamental d’observer qu’il existe des raisons
fondées et légitimes pour laisser au franchisé exclusivement la gestion et le
règlement des questions de ressources humaines qui se posent au lieu de son
point de vente. Les franchisés sont à la fois des propriétaires et des
opératifs qui détiennent un intérêt personnel et financier dans leur affaire.
Une de leurs motivations majeures consiste dans leur droit d’engager eux-mêmes
leur personnel, et de superviser eux-mêmes le travail quotidien de leurs employés.
Un franchiseur entre dans le domaine du franchisé et devient potentiellement
responsable pour les actes des employés du franchisé s’il a retenu ou s’il a
assumé un droit de contrôle général portant sur les questions d’engagement de
personnel, de direction, de supervision, de discipline, de licenciement, de
comportement quotidien des employés sur la place de travail. Ainsi, le simple
fait que le franchiseur se soit réservé le droit d’exiger ou de suggérer des
standards uniformes applicables sur le lieu de travail en vue de protéger sa
marque et la qualité du service clientèle n’est pas à lui seul suffisant pour
entraîner une responsabilité d’employeur ou de principal (au sens du contrat
d’agence) pour des violations légales ou de la Common law commises par un
employé du franchisé contre un autre employé de ce même franchisé. Enfin, sous
l’angle de l’application de la FEHA, la Cour observe que rien dans ce qui
précède n’est contradictoire avec une analyse qui serait faite de l’application
de la FEHA dans un autre contexte que celui du contrat de franchise. De manière
générale, le but de FEHA consiste à prévenir et à dissuader des pratiques
illégales dans le cadre du droit du travail, et de sanctionner dites pratiques
illégales. Les prétentions d’un demandeur basées sur FEHA impliquent
l’existence d’une relation de travail. Dans la présente affaire, pour appliquer
FEHA, il serait nécessaire que le franchiseur soit l’employeur à la fois de la
demanderesse et de son prétendu harceleur. La jurisprudence californienne qui
définit la notion d’employeur au sens de FEHA est rare. Mais il apparaît que
les principes traditionnels du droit de l’ »agency » et de la notion
de respondeat superior, déduits de la Common law, apportent l’analyse à mettre
en œuvre sous l’angle de FEHA (comme ils l’apportent dans le cadre du contrat
de franchise). Dans les actions FEHA, les Tribunaux ont mis en évidence
l’importance du contrôle exercé par l’employeur sur l’exécutions des
obligations de l’employé dans la relation de travail. Cette notion implique une
autorité quotidienne effective, sans intermédiaire, sur des questions telles
que l’engagement, la résiliation, la direction, la supervision et la discipline
des employés. Comme relevé, le franchiseur, dans la présente espèce, ne disposait
pas de la possibilité d’un contrôle général portant sur les activités
quotidiennes des employés de son franchisé. Il est de la sorte à distinguer
d’un employeur ou d’un « principal » au sens du contrat d’agence. Par
conséquent, la cour d’appel s’est trompée en affirmant l’existence d’une
question de fait susceptible d’être débattue en procédure et portant sur la
question de savoir s’il existait ou non une relation de travail ou d’agence
préexistante permettant de tenir le franchiseur directement ou indirectement
responsable des actes de harcèlement d’un employé du franchisé contre un autre
employé de ce même franchisé. Et en l’espèce, aucun document contractuel ne
permettait au franchiseur d’établir une politique en matière de harcèlement qui
serait applicable dans les points de vente. Aucune procédure n’était en outre
en place par laquelle les employés du franchisé auraient pu rapporter de telles
pratiques. Cependant, s’agissant de la question de la formation des employés
portant sur la manière de se comporter avec les collègues, et sur la manière
d’éviter tout harcèlement sexuel, il apparaît en l’espèce que le franchisé
était en charge, et non le franchiseur. Il ne fait pas de doute en l’espèce que
le franchiseur a mis en œuvre sa propre politique en matière de harcèlement
sexuel et sa propre politique de formation pour ses employés. Il a adopté à ce
sujet le principe de la tolérance zéro. Et rien au dossier n’indique que le
franchiseur aurait revu la politique du franchisé en matière de harcèlement
sexuel. Il est à relever que dans sa politique, le franchisé disposait et dispose
de l’autorité de sanctionner les manquements. D’où la conclusion qu’il n’existe
pas de base permettant de juger que la question d’un contrat de travail ou
d’une relation d’agence pouvait être débattue en procédure, comme déjà indiqué
précédemment. La Cour précise qu’elle n’entend en l’espèce nullement minimiser
le caractère sérieux du harcèlement sexuel sur la place de travail,
particulièrement si le harcèlement est le fait d’un supérieur hiérarchique. La
Cour précise aussi que dans d’autres situations le franchiseur peut être tenu
responsable des actes du franchisé ou des employés du franchisé, soit celles où
le franchiseur détient un droit de contrôle sur les activités quotidiennes au
lieu de travail du franchisé. Peu importe à cet égard que le franchiseur exerce
ou non son droit.
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