Tuesday, November 30, 2010

Los Angeles County v. Humphries



Civil rights: 42 U. S. C. §1983: Monell v. New York City Dept. of Social Servs., 436 U. S. 658, 694; Monell’s “policy or custom” requirement applies in §1983 cases irrespective of whether the relief sought is monetary or prospective; to explain what acts are the municipality’s own for purposes of liability. The Court held that “a municipality cannot be held liable” solely for the acts of others, e.g., “solely because it employs a tortfeasor,” 436 U. S., at 691, but it may be held liable “when execution of a government’s policy or custom . . . inflicts the injury,” id., at 694. Section 1983, read in light of Monell’s understanding of the legislative history, explains why claims for prospective relief, like claims for money damages, fall within the scope of the “policy or custom” requirement. Nothing in §1983 suggests that the causation requirement should change with the form of relief sought. In fact, the text suggests the opposite when it provides that a person who meets §1983’s elements “shall be liable . . . in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress.” Thus, as Monell explicitly stated, “local governing bodies . . . can be sued directly under §1983 for monetary, declaratory, or injunctive relief where, as here, the action that is alleged to be unconstitutional implements or executes” a policy or custom. 436 U. S., at 690. To find the “policy or custom” requirement inapplicable in prospective relief cases would also undermine Monell’s logic. For whether an action or omission is a municipality’s “own” has to do with the nature of the action or omission, not with the nature of the relief that is later sought in court (U.S.S.Ct., 30.11.10, Los Angeles County v. Humphries, J. Breyer).

Droits civils : actions directes contre des collectivités publiques locales du fait d’un acte d’un employé de dite collectivité : en matière de procès basés sur une violation de la législation sur les droits civils, les municipalités et autres entités publiques locales peuvent être actionnées directement, et toute la gamme des remèdes peut être demandée (dommages-intérêts, constatation, injonction), cela lorsque l’acte de l’autorité, dont le caractère contraire à la Constitution fédérale est invoqué, exécute une politique ou une coutume publique. La collectivité publique ne peut être actionnée directement sur la base de la législation précitée si l’acte reproché est le fait d’un employé qui a agi hors du cadre de la politique ou des coutumes de l’entité publique qui l’emploie.

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