Securities:
investors can recover damages in a private securities fraud action only
if they prove that they relied on the defendant’s misrepresentation in deciding
to buy or sell a company’s stock. In Basic Inc. v. Levinson, 485
U. S. 224, this Court held that investors could satisfy this reliance
requirement by invoking a presumption that the price of stock traded in an
efficient market reflects all public, material information—including material
misrepresentations. The Court also held, however, that a defendant could rebut
this presumption by showing that the alleged misrepresentation did not actually
affect the stock price—that is, that it had no “price impact.” For the same
reasons the Court declines to overrule Basic’s presumption of reliance,
it also declines to modify the prerequisites for invoking the presumption by
requiring plaintiffs to prove “price impact” directly at the class
certification stage. The Basic presumption incorporates two constituent
presumptions: first, if a plaintiff shows that the defendant’s
misrepresentation was public and material and that the stock traded in a
generally efficient market, he is entitled to a presumption that the
misrepresentation affected the stock price.
Second, if the plaintiff also shows that he purchased
the stock at the market price during the relevant period, he is entitled to a
further presumption that he purchased the stock in reliance on the defendant’s
misrepresentation. Requiring plaintiffs to prove price impact directly would
take away the first constituent presumption.
The Court agrees with Halliburton, however, that
defendants must be afforded an opportunity to rebut the presumption of reliance
before class certification with evidence of a lack of price impact. Defendants
may already introduce such evidence at the merits stage to rebut the Basic presumption,
as well as at the class certification stage to counter a plaintiff’s showing of
market efficiency. (…) The fact that a misrepresentation has price impact is “Basic’s
fundamental premise.” It thus has everything to do
with the issue of predominance at the class certification stage. That is why,
if reliance is to be shown through the Basic presumption, the publicity
and market efficiency prerequisites must be proved before class certification.
Given that such indirect evidence of price impact will be before the court at
the class certification stage in any event, there is no reason to artificially
limit the inquiry at that stage by excluding direct evidence of price impact
(U.S.S.Ct., 23.06.2014, Halliburton Co. v. Erica P. John Fund, Inc., Docket
13-317, C.J. Roberts).
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