Evidence: criminal law: substantive law and
procedural law: federal law versus state law: at the outset, we note that it
was error for the Court of Appeals to look to Pennsylvania law in determining
what distinguishes a reasoned inference from “mere speculation.” Under Jackson, federal courts must look to
state law for “the substantive elements of the criminal offense,” 443 U. S., at
324, n. 16, but the minimum amount of evidence that the Due Process Clause
requires to prove the offense is purely a matter of federal law.
Under the deferential federal standard, the
approach taken by the Court of Appeals was flawed because it unduly impinged on
the jury’s role as factfinder. Jackson
leaves juries broad discretion in deciding what inferences to draw from
the evidence presented at trial, requiring only that jurors “draw reasonable
inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Id., at 319. This deferential standard does not permit the type of
fine-grained factual parsing in which the Court of Appeals engaged. For example,
in addressing Brown and Ramsey’s testimony that Williams was “walked” and
“forced” into the alleyway, the court objected that the witnesses did not
describe any “physical action” supporting the conclusion that force was used.
446 Fed. Appx., at 541. Absent some specific testimony that “Johnson actively
pushed, shoved, ordered or otherwise forced the victim into the alley, or
prevented him from leaving it,” ibid.,
the court could see no reasonable basis for the jury’s conclusion that
Johnson had a specific intent to help kill Williams.
That analysis is flawed for two reasons.
First, the coercive nature of Johnson and Walker’s behavior could be inferred
from other circumstances not involving the direct use of force: Walker was
noticeably concealing a weapon, and he had been heatedly threatening to kill
Williams after a violent confrontation earlier in the day. Johnson and Walker
kept Williams between them in a single-file line on the way to the alley, where
Johnson stood at the entrance while the other two entered, suggesting that
Johnson may have been prepared to prevent Williams from fleeing. And second,
even if Williams was not coerced into the alley, the jury still could have
concluded that Johnson helped lead or lure him there to facilitate the murder.
Taken in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, the trial testimony revealed that Johnson and Walker “ran the
streets together,” and had attempted to collect a debt from Williams earlier on
the day of the murder. Williams resisted the collection, managing to humiliate
Walker in the process by giving him a public thrashing with a broomstick. This
enraged Walker to the point that he repeatedly declared over the course of the
day in Johnson’s presence that he intended to kill Williams. Then, while Walker
was noticeably concealing a bulky object under his trenchcoat, Johnson helped
escort Williams into an alley, where Johnson stood at the entryway while Walker
pulled out a shotgun and shot Williams in the chest.
On the basis of these facts, a rational
jury could infer that Johnson knew that Walker was armed with a shotgun; knew
that he intended to kill Williams; and helped usher Williams into the alleyway
to meet his fate. The jury in this case was convinced, and the only question
under Jackson is whether that
finding was so insupportable as to fall below the threshold of bare
rationality. The state court of last review did not think so, and that determination
in turn is entitled to considerable deference under AEDPA, 28 U. S. C.
§2254(d).
Affording due respect to the role of the
jury and the state courts, we conclude that the evidence at Johnson’s trial was
not nearly sparse enough to sustain a due process challenge under Jackson. The evidence was sufficient
to convict Johnson as an accomplice and a co-conspirator in the murder of
Taraja Williams. The Commonwealth’s petition for certiorari and the motion to
proceed in forma pauperis are
granted, the judgment of the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit is
reversed, and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion (U.S.S.Ct., 29.05.12, Coleman v. Johnson, Per Curiam).
Seul le droit fédéral, à l’exclusion du droit des états, détermine les exigences
minimales en matière de preuves requises par la clause du procès équitable.
Le rôle du jury dans le procès pénal consiste à établir les faits. Les
constatations du jury sont revues par les autorités de recours sous l’angle
d’un standard déférentiel. La jurisprudence de la Cour Suprême fédérale laisse
au jury une large discrétion en ce qui concerne les inférences à tirer des
preuves présentées au procès pénal de première instance. La Cour exige
uniquement que le jury retienne des inférences raisonnables des faits de base
pour aboutir aux faits juridiquement déterminants. En l’espèce, la cour d’appel
a retenu à tort l’absence de témoignages spécifiques établissant que le prévenu
avait exercé une contrainte physique sur le prévenu, en vue de permettre son meurtre.
En effet, la nature contraignante du comportement du prévenu pouvait être
déduite d’autres circonstances n’impliquant pas l’usage direct de la force. Il
est établi qu’un comparse du prévenu dissimulait une arme, et qu’il avait
menacé la victime de la tuer après une violente altercation le jour de
l’homicide. Des comparses avaient au moment du crime aidé le prévenu à
maintenir la victime le long d’une allée conduisant à une entrée, devant
laquelle se dressait l’auteur de l’homicide, suggérant qu’il se trouvait là
pour prévenir la fuite de la victime. Par ailleurs, même si la victime n’avait
pas été contrainte de parcourir l’allée, le jury aurait été fondé à conclure
que le prévenu avait fourni son aide pour attirer la victime en vue de faciliter
son exécution.
Sur la base des faits de la cause, un jury rationnel pouvait inférer que
le prévenu savait que l’un de ses comparses portait une arme à feu, et qu’il
savait que le comparse avait l’intention de tuer la victime, considérant la
violente altercation le jour même entre le comparse et la victime, et
considérant les déclarations répétées du comparse pendant la journée selon
lesquelles il entendait tuer la victime. Le critère de la rationalité est ainsi
satisfait. Dès lors, pas de violation du droit à un procès équitable en
l’espèce. Les preuves sont suffisantes pour permettre à la cour pénale étatique
de condamner le prévenu de complice et de co-conspirateur du meurtre de la
victime.