Sentence enhancements:
here, defendant was convicted of a felony (shooting at an inhabited
dwelling) that was punishable by a life term because he committed it to benefit
a criminal street gang (§ 186.22(b)(4)).
At issue here is whether defendant committed a “felony punishable by”
life imprisonment, thereby subjecting him to an additional 20-year prison term
under the sentence enhancement provision of section 12022.53(c); in the
companion case of People
v. Rodriguez (Aug. 20, 2009, S159497) ___ Cal.4th ___, we hold that
the trial court should not have imposed sentence enhancements both for the defendant’s personal
firearm use (§ 12022.5, subd. (a)) and for committing a violent felony to
benefit a criminal street gang (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(C)), because the
crime committed in that case was a violent felony only because the defendant
personally used a firearm in committing it; this case bears a superficial
similarity to People v. Rodriguez,
supra, ___ Cal.4th ___: each involves the interrelationship of a
provision pertaining to firearm use (§ 12022.53 in this case,
§ 12022.5 in Rodriguez) with a
provision pertaining to criminal street gangs (§ 186.22(b)(4) in this
case, § 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(C) in Rodriguez). But the issue in Rodriguez — whether the trial court properly imposed two sentence enhancements
(§ 12022.5 and § 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(C)) based on the defendant’s
personal firearm use — is unlike this case, because here the issue is whether
the trial court properly imposed a sentence enhancement (§ 12022.53) in
conjunction with an alternate penalty
provision (§ 186.22.(b)(4)) (fn. 3); Briceno addressed two statutes — one stating that a felony
committed to benefit a criminal street gang is a serious felony (§ 1192.7(c)(28)),
the other stating that a serious felony committed to benefit a criminal street
gang is subject to additional punishment (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(B)) — and
Briceno concluded that when the
former statute applies, the latter does not.
Similarly, in Arroyas the
Court of Appeal addressed two subdivisions of section 186.22 — one stating that
a misdemeanor committed to benefit a criminal street gang may be punished as a
felony (§ 186.22, subd. (d)), the other stating that a felony committed to
benefit a criminal street gang is subject to additional punishment
(§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)) — and Arroyas
concluded that when the former subdivision applies, the latter does not; but
unlike the provisions at issue in Briceno,
supra, 34 Cal.4th 451, and in Arroyas, supra, 96 Cal.App.4th 1439, which were all enacted through a single
initiative (Prop. 21), here the two provisions in question — section
186.22(b)(4) and section 12022.53(c) — appear in separate statutes enacted at
different times. And unlike the provisions
at issue in Briceno and Arroyas, all of which pertained to criminal street gangs, here only one of the
two provisions at issue — section 186.22(b)(4) — pertains to criminal street
gangs. That provision states that
specified conduct (here, shooting at an inhabited dwelling) is, in a specified
circumstance (that is, to benefit a street gang), punishable by a
15-year-to-life sentence, while the other provision at issue —section
12022.53(c) — states that crimes punishable by life imprisonment are, in a specified
circumstance (that is, when committed by personally and intentionally
discharging a firearm), subject to a 20-year sentence enhancement. In this case, defendant is subject to that
additional 20-year term not because he committed a gang-related offense but
because he committed a particularly heinous crime (that is, a crime so serious
that it is punishable by life imprisonment).
For the reasons just discussed, Briceno
and Arroyas do not support
defendant’s argument; definitions (p. 12): defendant is correct that section
186.22(b)(4) is a penalty provision; not a sentence enhancement because it does
not add an additional term of imprisonment to the base term; instead, it
provides for an alternate sentence when it is proven that the underlying offense
has been committed for the benefit of, or in association with, a criminal
street gang. Neither is it a substantive
offense because it does not define or set forth elements of a new crime; but
the life term imposed in Montes under
section 12022.53 was a sentence enhancement,
whereas in this case the life term was imposed under section 186.22(b)(4), a penalty provision. As explained in the text (see p. 14, post), this is an important distinction
(fn. 5); here, defendant committed the felony of shooting at an inhabited
dwelling (§ 246), he personally and intentionally discharged a firearm in
the commission of that felony (§ 12022.53(c)), and because the felony was
committed to benefit a criminal street gang, it was punishable by life
imprisonment (§ 186.22(b)(4)).
Thus, imposition of the 20-year sentence enhancement of section
12022.53(c) was proper (p. 15) (Cal. S. Ct., 31.08.09, P. v. Jones, S148463).
Monday, August 31, 2009
P. v. Jones, S148463
P. v. Brookfield, S147980
Interpretation: in general: in construing a statute,
our role is to ascertain the Legislature’s intent so as to effectuate the
purpose of the law. In determining intent, we must look first to the words of
the statute because they are the most reliable indicator of legislative
intent. (People v. Lopez (2003) 31 Cal.4th 1051, 1056.) “We do not, however, consider
the statutory language ‘in isolation.’ Rather,
we look to ‘the entire substance of the statute . . . to determine
the scope and purpose of the provision . . . .” That is, we construe the words in question
‘ “in context, keeping in mind the nature and obvious purpose of the
statute . . . .” ’ ”
(People v. Murphy
(2001) 25 Cal.4th 136, 142.)(p. 10); “particular or specific provisions will
generally take precedence over conflicting general provisions” (People v. Campbell (1995) 40
Cal.App.4th 1666, 1672, fn. 6). (p. 16); (People
v. Campbell (1995) 40 Cal.App.4th 1666, 1672, fn. 6) (Cal. S. Ct., 31.08.09,
P. v. Brookfield, S147980).
Interprétation
: en général : en interprétant une loi au sens formel, le rôle de la Cour
consiste à déterminer l’intention du législateur de manière à concrétiser le
but de la loi. Pour déterminer dite intention, la Cour examine d’abord les
termes de la loi parce qu’ils sont les indicateurs les plus fiables de
l’intention du législateur. Cependant, la Cour ne considère pas le langage de
la loi de manière isolée. Bien plutôt, la Cour prend en compte toute la
substance de la loi pour déterminer ses limites et ses buts. Dès lors, la Cour
interprète les termes de la loi dans leur contexte, tout en gardant à l’esprit
la nature et le but évident de dite loi. Une loi spéciale déroge à une loi plus
générale.
P. v. Brookfield, S147980
Gang: this case, like the companion case of People v. Jones, supra, ___ Cal.4th ___, involves the
interplay between two highly complex statutes:
section 186.22, which targets participants in criminal street gangs; and
section 12022.53, also known as “the 10-20-life law” (People v. Oates (2004) 32 Cal.4th 1048, 1052), which
“prescribes substantial sentence enhancements for using a firearm in the
commission of certain listed felonies” (ibid.).
Section 12022.53’s subdivision (e)(1) has this effect: ordinarily, section 12022.53’s sentence
enhancements apply only to personal use
or discharge of a firearm in the commission of a statutorily specified offense,
but when the offense is committed to benefit a criminal street gang, the
statute’s additional punishments apply even if, as in this case, the defendant
did not personally use or discharge a firearm but another principal did. Section 12022.53(e)(2), however, limits the
effect of subdivision (e)(1). A
defendant who personally uses or
discharges a firearm in the commission of a gang-related offense is subject to both the increased punishment provided
for in section 186.22 and the
increased punishment provided for in section 12022.53. In contrast, when another principal in the offense
uses or discharges a firearm but the defendant does not, there is no imposition
of an “enhancement for participation in a criminal street gang . . .
in addition to an enhancement imposed pursuant to” section 12022.53. (§ 12022.53(e)(2).). When a defendant is
sentenced to a life term for the felony of shooting at an inhabited dwelling
(§ 246) because the defendant committed that crime to benefit a criminal
street gang (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(4)(B)), is that offense a “felony
punishable by . . . imprisonment in the state prison for life” within
the meaning of subdivision (a)(17) of section 12022.53, thereby triggering the
10-year additional punishment under subdivisions (b) and (e)(1) of section
12022.53 for personal use of a firearm by a principal in the offense? As we explain in the companion case of People v. Jones, supra, ___ Cal.4th ___, the answer to
this question is “yes.”; when that crime is committed to benefit a criminal
street gang, as the jury here found, the penalty is life imprisonment, with a
minimum term of no less than 15 years.
(§ 186.22(b)(4).) As the
companion case of People v. Jones,
supra, ___ Cal.4th at page ___ p. 11 holds, that life term does not (contrary to the Court of Appeal’s
conclusion in this case) constitute a sentence enhancement, because it is not imposed in addition to the sentence for the underlying crime (here,
shooting at an inhabited dwelling); rather, it is an alternate penalty for that offense. If the cases cited in the
preceding paragraph had already been decided when the Legislature enacted
section 12022.53, it would be reasonable to infer that the Legislature was
aware of the distinction this court has drawn between the sentence enhancements
and the penalty provisions set forth in section 186.22, and that the Legislature
intended the word “enhancement” in the statute to have the narrow meaning
articulated by this court. That narrow
meaning is this: the word “enhancement”
refers only to a sentence
enhancement, not a penalty provision.
But the cases in question were decided after the Legislature’s enactment of section 12022.53 in 1997. Thus, the Legislature did not have the
benefit of this court’s later decisions that have given the term “enhancement”
the narrow meaning that the Attorney General argues we should apply to that
term in section 12022.53(e)(2).
It appears that the Legislature’s use of the term
“enhancement” in section 12022.53(e)(2) was intended to refer broadly to any
greater term of imprisonment for a crime that, as here, is committed to benefit
a criminal street gang. This means that,
as used in the statute, the word “enhancement” includes not only the sentence
enhancements in section 186.22, but also the alternate penalty provisions in
that section; nothing in this opinion should be read as undermining the
validity of the strict distinction this court has drawn in the past between
sentence enhancements and penalty provisions in other contexts. (See People
v. Briceno, supra, 34
Cal.4th at p. 460, fn. 7; Robert L. v.
Superior Court, supra, 30 Cal.4th
at p. 899; People v. Acosta, supra, 29 Cal.4th at p. 118; People v. Murphy, supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 154; People v. Jefferson, supra, 21 Cal.4th at p. 101.); for the
reasons described above, we conclude that the word “enhancement” in section
12022.53(e)(2) refers to both the sentence enhancements in section 186.22 and the penalty provisions in that
statute; Which of the two should the court have imposed? Section 12022.53’s
subdivision (j). That provision states
in part: “When an enhancement specified
in this section has been admitted or found to be true, the court shall impose
punishment for that enhancement pursuant to this section rather than imposing
punishment authorized under any other provision of law, unless another enhancement provides for a greater penalty or a longer
term of imprisonment.” Thus, consistent with that
statutory provision, the trial court here should have imposed the greater
penalty (the life term under section 186.22(b)(4)), rather than the lesser
punishment (the 10-year sentence enhancement under section 12022.53’s
subdivisions (b) and (e)(1)); what the trial court cannot do is to impose
punishment under both section 186.22
and section 12022.53. In choosing which of those two provisions to
apply, the trial court must, consistent with section 12022.53’s subdivision
(j), choose the provision that will result in a greater sentence (Cal. S. Ct., 31.08.09,
P. v. Brookfield, S147980).
Ordinairement,
une aggravation de peine ne s’applique qu’en cas d’usage personnel d’une arme à
feu dans la commission d’une infraction spécifiquement prévue par la loi.
Cependant, lorsque l’infraction est commise au bénéfice d’un gang de rue
criminel, l’aggravation de peine s’applique même si l’accusé n’a pas
personnellement fait usage d’une arme à feu, au contraire de l’auteur
principal. En outre, un accusé qui a personnellement fait usage d’une arme à
feu dans le contexte d’une infraction de gang est soumis aux deux aggravations
précitées.
Distinction
entre aggravation de peine et peine alternative.
Exemple d’un
prévenu condamné à l’emprisonnement à vie pour avoir tiré sur une habitation au
bénéfice d’un gang. Lorsqu’un tel crime est commis au bénéfice d’un gang de
rue, comme le jury l’a déterminé dans la présente affaire, la peine est
l’emprisonnement à vie, avec un terme minimum de 15 ans. Cette peine
d’emprisonnement à vie ne constitue pas une aggravation de peine, parce qu’elle
n’est pas imposée en addition de la peine pour le crime sous-jacent (ici, faire
feu contre un domicile qui s’avère inhabité). Elle ne constitue pas une
aggravation de peine, mais s’analyse en une peine alternative. De manière
générale, la Cour Suprême de Californie attribue un sens étroit à la notion
d’aggravation. Il convient à chaque fois, dans des cas de ce genre qui sont
juridiquement complexes à analyser, de déterminer si la loi s’analyse comme
fixant une peine sans plus, ou si elle s’analyse en une aggravation d’une peine
de base. Il s’agit aussi de prendre garde aux normes pénales édictées avant que
la jurisprudence de la Cour ne donne un sens étroit à la notion d’aggravation. Par
conséquent, si une loi pénale édictée avant cette jurisprudence parle
d’aggravation de peine, un sens étroit ne sera pas nécessairement attribué à la
notion d’aggravation. Cela signifie que
dans une loi pénale antérieure à la jurisprudence précitée, le terme
aggravation peut viser à la fois une aggravation prévue par la loi et à la fois
une peine alternative. Au contraire, la jurisprudence récente distingue les
deux notions. Dans d’autres contextes que les crimes de gang, subsiste la
stricte distinction entre aggravation de peine et pénalité. Par conséquent,
dans des cas comme la présente espèce ou s’applique l’ancienne interprétation
d’aggravation, la cour de première instance doit déterminer si elle applique
l’aggravation de peine ou alors la peine alternative. En l’espèce, la loi
prévoit que lorsqu’une aggravation a été admise par le jury, la cour doit
imposer une peine aggravée telle que prévue par la loi en question, sauf si une
autre disposition applicable prévoit une aggravation plus sévère. Toujours dans
la présente affaire, la cour de première instance aurait dû imposer la peine la
plus sévère, soit la peine d’emprisonnement à vie, et non pas la peine aggravée
de 10 ans de réclusion, laquelle, nonobstant la notion d’aggravation, est de
moindre sévérité.
Ces distinctions
particulièrement complexes s’appliquent avant tout à l’interprétation de deux
dispositions du code pénal, lorsque ces deux dispositions s’appliquent en
concours : la section 186.22 (qui vise les participants à des gangs de
rue), et la section 12022.53 (réclusion pour 10 ans, 20 ans ou à vie,
disposition qui prévoit de substantielles aggravations de peine en cas d’usage
d’une arme à feu dans le cadre de certains crimes définis).
Monday, August 24, 2009
21st Century Insurance v. Super. Ct., S154790
Implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing: one
cannot invoke the implied covenant to prohibit conduct that a contract
expressly allows (Cal. S. Ct., 24.08.09, 21st Century Insurance v.
Super. Ct., S154790).
Covenant
implicite d’agir de bonne foi et de manière équitable dans les relations
contractuelles : ces principes ne peuvent pas être invoqués pour interdire une
conduite que le contrat autorise expressément.
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