Patents (reexamination of claims): Chevron deference: Rulemaking
authority: Judicial review (in general): The Leahy-Smith America Invents Act,
35 U. S. C. §100 et seq., creates a process called “inter partes
review.” That review process allows a third party to ask the U. S. Patent and
Trademark Office to reexamine the claims in an already-issued patent and to
cancel any claim that the agency finds to be unpatentable in light of prior art.
See §102 (requiring “novelty”); §103 (disqualifying claims that are “obvious”).
We consider two provisions of the Act. The first says:
“No Appeal.—The determination by the Director of the
Patent Office whether to institute an inter partes review under this section
shall be final and nonappealable.” 35 U. S. C. §314(d).
Does this provision bar a court from considering
whether the Patent Office wrongly “determined . . . to institute an inter
partes review,” when it did so on grounds not specifically mentioned in a third
party’s review request?
The second provision grants the Patent Office the authority
to issue “regulations . . . establishing and governing inter partes review
under this chapter.” §316(a)(4).
Does this provision authorize the Patent Office to
issue a regulation stating that the agency, in inter partes review, “shall
construe a patent claim according to its broadest reasonable construction in
light of the specification of the patent in which it appears”? 37 CFR
§42.100(b)(2015).
We conclude that the first provision, though it may
not bar consideration of a constitutional question, for example, does bar
judicial review of the kind of mine-run claim at issue here, involving the
Patent Office’s decision to institute inter partes review. We also conclude
that the second provision authorizes the Patent Office to issue the regulation
before us. See, e.g., United States v. Mead Corp., 533 U. S. 218,
229 (2001); Chevron U. S. A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense
Council, Inc., 467 U. S. 837, 842 (1984).
35 U. S. C. §314(d) : The text of §314(d) expressly states that the Patent Office’s
determinations whether to institute inter partes review “shall be final and
nonappealable.” Moreover, construing §314(d) to permit judicial review of
the Patent Office’s preliminary decision to institute inter partes review
undercuts the important congressional objective of giving the agency
significant power to revisit and revise earlier patent grants. Past practice
in respect to related proceedings, including the predecessor to inter partes
review, also supports the conclusion that Congress did not intend for courts to
review these initial determinations.
The “strong presumption” favoring judicial
review, Mach Mining, LLC v. EEOC, 575 U. S. ___, ___, is
overcome here by these “ ‘clear and convincing’ ” indications that Congress
intended to bar review, Block v. Community Nutrition Institute,
467 U. S. 340, 349. Given that presumption, however, the interpretation adopted
here applies to cases in which the challenge is to the Patent Office’s determination
“to initiate an inter partes review under this section,” or where the
challenge consists of questions closely tied to the application and
interpretation of statutes related to that determination. C.’s claim does not
implicate a constitutional question, nor does it present other questions of
interpretation that reach well beyond “this section” in terms of scope and
impact.
The Patent Office regulation requiring the
Board to apply the broadest reasonable construction standard to interpret
patent claims is a reasonable exercise of the rulemaking authority granted to
the Patent Office by statute. Where a statute leaves a gap or is ambiguous,
this Court typically interprets a congressional grant of rulemaking authority
as giving the agency leeway to enact rules that are reasonable in light of the
text, nature, and purpose of the statute. United States v. Mead Corp.,
533 U. S. 218, 229; Chevron U. S. A. Inc. v. Natural Resources
Defense Council, Inc., 467 U. S. 837, 842–843. Here, the statute grants the
Patent Office the authority to issue regulations “governing inter partes
review,” and no statutory provision unambiguously mandates a particular claim
construction standard.
(U.S.S.C., June 20, 2016, Cuozzo Speed Technologies,
LLC v. Lee, Docket 15-446, J. Breyer).
Brevets
(nouvel examen du droit à un brevet après avoir reconnu ce droit dans un
premier temps) : une loi fédérale (Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, 35 U.
S. C. §100 et seq.) institue une
procédure connue sous le nom de « inter partes review », qui permet à
un tiers de saisir le Bureau fédéral des brevets et des marques, concluant à un
nouvel examen de certaines revendications protégées par un brevet déjà octroyé,
en vue d’obtenir l’annulation de la reconnaissance de ces revendications au
motif qu’elles ne remplissent pas les conditions posées à l’octroi d’un brevet
(absence de nouveauté, caractère évident, etc.).
La décision de mettre en œuvre, ou non, la
procédure « inter partes » relève de la discrétion du Directeur du
Bureau. Il s’agit d’une décision finale sans voie de recours. La Cour juge ici
que telle est la volonté clairement exprimée par le Congrès. Est toutefois
réservée la saisine des cours fédérales pour violations alléguées de la
Constitution fédérale. Le principe de la forte présomption en faveur de
l’existence d’une voie de recours ne s’applique pas lorsque le Congrès s’est
prononcé de manière claire et convaincante.
En outre, dite loi fédérale attribue au Bureau
des brevets la compétence d’édicter les règles de procédure applicables à une
révision « inter partes ». Le Bureau agit dans le cadre de sa
compétence en adoptant une règle précisant que le Bureau, dans la procédure de
révision, appliquera à une revendication l’interprétation raisonnablement la
plus large possible, à la lumière des spécificités du brevet lié à la
revendication (déférence selon la jurisprudence « Chevron », le
Bureau a procédé ici à un exercice raisonnable de son autorité législative
conférée par une loi fédérale ; en cas d’ambiguïté dans la loi ou en cas
d’attribution de compétence prévue par la loi, l’administration peut édicter
des règles, qui doivent être raisonnables à la lumière du texte, de la nature
et du but de la loi, cf. Chevron U. S. A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.,
467 U. S. 837, 842–843).
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