Ne bis in idem: the Double Jeopardy Clause bars
retrial for Evans’ offense; retrial following a court-decreed acquittal is
barred, even if the acquittal is “based upon an egregiously erroneous foundation,”
Fong Foo v. United States, 369 U. S. 141, 143, such as an
erroneous decision to exclude evidence, Sanabria v. United States,
437 U. S. 54, 68−69; a mistaken understanding of what evidence would suffice to
sustain a conviction, Smith v. Massachusetts, 543 U. S. 462, 473;
or a “misconstruction of the statute” defining the requirements to convict, Arizona
v. Rumsey, 467 U. S. 303, 211. Most relevant here, an acquittal
encompasses any ruling that the prosecution’s proof is insufficient to
establish criminal liability for an offense. See, e.g., United States
v. Scott, 437 U. S. 82, 98; Burks v. United States,
437 U. S. 1, 10.
In contrast to procedural rulings, which lead to
dismissals or mistrials on a basis unrelated to factual guilt or innocence,
acquittals are substantive rulings that conclude proceedings absolutely, and
thus raise significant double jeopardy concerns. Scott, 437 U. S., at
91. Here, the trial court clearly “evaluated the State’s evidence and
determined that it was legally insufficient to sustain a conviction.” United
States v. Martin Linen Supply Co., 430 U. S. 564, 572. Evans’
acquittal was the product of an erroneous interpretation of governing legal
principles, but that error affects only the accuracy of the determination to
acquit, not its essential character. See Scott, 437 U. S., at 98; this
case, like the Court’s previous ones, involves an antecedent legal error that
led to an acquittal because the State failed to prove a fact it was not
actually required to prove; culpability is the touchstone, not whether any
particular elements were resolved or whether the nonculpability determination
was legally correct. Scott, 437 U. S., at 98 (U.S. S. Ct., 20.02.13,
Evans v. Michigan, J. Sotomayor).
Ne bis in idem
: la clause "Double Jeopardy" empêche un nouveau procès suite à un
acquittement. Cela même si l'acquittement repose sur des bases manifestement
infondées, telle une décision erronée d'exclure une preuve, une compréhension
erronée de la notion de preuves suffisantes pour emporter condamnation, ou une
interprétation erronée d'une loi au sens formel. Doit ainsi en particulier être
assimilée à un acquittement toute décision selon laquelle les moyens de preuve
de l'accusation ne suffisent pas à établir la responsabilité pénale.
Les décisions
de procédure font contraste. Elles peuvent conduire à un abandon des charges
sur une base dépourvue de relation avec la culpabilité ou l'innocence. En
l'espèce, l'acquittement du prévenu a été le résultat d'une interprétation
erronée des principes juridiques en vigueur, mais cette erreur n'affecte que la
validité de la détermination d'acquitter, et non le caractère essentiel de
l'acquittement.
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