Showing posts with label Unconscionability. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Unconscionability. Show all posts

Tuesday, February 28, 2023

California Court of Appeal, Gostev v. Skillz Platform, Inc., Docket No. A164407


Contracts of Adhesion

 

Terms and Conditions

 

Arbitration

 

Who Decides Arbitrability?

 

Statute of Limitations

 

Contractually Shortened Limitations Periods

 

Unconscionability

 

Consumer Law

 

Contract Drafting

 

California Law

 

 

 

 

Defendant Skillz Platform, Inc. (Skillz) appeals from an order denying its petition to compel arbitration. Skillz contends the trial court erred, first, by not referring questions of arbitrability to arbitration and, second, by finding the arbitration agreement unconscionable. We affirm.

 

 

Skillz provides a mobile platform that hosts games in which players can pay to compete against each other for cash prizes. To play games on its platform, a user must establish a player account, and to participate in paid-entry competitions, a user must save the player account. To save a player account, a user must provide an email address and verify age by entering the user’s date of birth; after entering a date of birth, the user must tap a box with the word “Next” on it. Below the “Next” box is the advisory statement, “By tapping ‘Next,’ I agree to the Terms of Service and the Privacy Policy.” The underlined text is a hyperlink, which, if tapped, takes the user to the Skillz’ terms of service.

 

 

The Agreement to Arbitrate in the Terms of Service

The 15-page Terms of Service has 15 sections. The first section begins: “1. GENERAL TERMS “1.1. Arbitration. TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED UNDER APPLICABLE LAW, ANY CLAIM, DISPUTE OR CONTROVERSY OF WHATEVER NATURE (‘CLAIM’) ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THESE TERMS AND/OR OUR SOFTWARE OR SERVICES MUST BE RESOLVED BY FINAL AND BINDING ARBITRATION IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PROCESS DESCRIBED IN SECTION 14 BELOW. PLEASE READ SECTION 14 CAREFULLY. To the maximum extent permitted under applicable law, you are giving up the right to litigate (or participate in as a party or class member) all disputes in court before a judge or jury.”

 

 

Subsection 14.1 requires written notice of a dispute and “informal negotiation” after which either party may commence arbitration. Alternatively, the parties may bring claims that qualify for its jurisdiction in small claims court. Subsection 14.2 provides, “If you and we do not resolve any Dispute by informal negotiation or in small claims court, any other effort to resolve the Dispute will be conducted exclusively by binding arbitration as described in this Section.” Subsection 14.3 includes waivers of the rights to bring class actions and representative actions.

 

 

G. brought claims of violation of the Unfair Competition Law (Bus. & Prof. Code, §17200 et seq.; UCL), violation of the Consumers Legal Remedies Act (Civ. Code, §1750 et seq.; CLRA), and unjust enrichment, and he sought declaratory, injunctive, and equitable relief, including restitution.

 

 

B. Who Decides the Threshold Question of Enforceability?

 

The usual presumption is that a court, not an arbitrator, will decide in the first instance whether a dispute is arbitrable. (Ajamian, supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at p.781; Dennison v. Rosland Capital LLC (2020) 47 Cal.App.5th 204, 209 (Dennison).) The parties may agree to delegate authority to the arbitrator to decide arbitrability, but given the contrary presumption, evidence that the parties intended such a delegation must be “‘clear and unmistakable’” before a court will enforce a delegation provision. (Ajamian, supra, at p. 781; Dennison, supra, at p. 209.)

 

 

(Ajamian, supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at p. 790.) The Ajamian court continued: “We must be mindful of what the United States Supreme Court has emphasized unflinchingly for decades: notwithstanding the public policy favoring arbitration, arbitration can be imposed only as to issues the parties agreed to arbitrate; given the slim likelihood that the parties actually contemplated who would determine threshold enforceability issues, as well as the default presumption that such issues would be determined by the court, those threshold issues must be decided by the court absent clear and unmistakable proof to the contrary. This is a ‘heightened standard,’ higher than the evidentiary standard applicable to other matters of interpreting an arbitration agreement. (Rent–A–Center, [West, Inc. v. Jackson (2010) 561 U.S. 63, 69], fn. 1; First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan (1995)] 514 U.S. 938, 944 [contrasting ‘ordinary state-law principles that govern the formation of contracts’ with the clear and unmistakable rule].) As the court cogently explained in Gilbert Street Developers, LLC v. La Quinta Homes, LLC (2009) 174 Cal.App.4th 1185,1191–1192: ‘It is not enough that ordinary rules of contract interpretation simply yield the result that arbitrators have power to decide their own jurisdiction. Rather, the result must be clear and unmistakable, because the law is solicitous of the parties actually focusing on the issue. Hence silence or ambiguity is not enough.’” (Ajamian, supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at pp. 790–791.)

 

 

We also agree with the reasoning of Ajamian, Beco, and Eiess and therefore conclude the incorporation by reference of AAA Commercial Arbitration Rules does not provide clear and unmistakable evidence the parties intended to delegate to the arbitrator the question of unconscionability in this case.

 

 

In Brennan, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held “that incorporation of the AAA rules constitutes clear and unmistakable evidence that contracting parties agreed to arbitrate arbitrability” on the facts of the case (796 F.3d at p 1130), but the court expressly did not decide “‘the effect if any of incorporating AAA arbitration rules into consumer contracts’ or into contracts of any nature between ‘unsophisticated’ parties” (id. at p. 1131).

 

 

 

c. Shortened Limitations Periods 

 

By statute, the limitations period for a CLRA claim is three years (Civ. Code, §1783), and the limitations period for a UCL claim is four years (Bus. & Prof. Code, §17208), but the arbitration provision in this case limits all claims to a one-year statute of limitations. Parties may contract to a shortened limitations period so long as the limitation is reasonable. (Ellis v. U.S. Security Associates (2014) 224 Cal.App.4th 1213, 1222–1223.) However, contractually shortened limitations periods have not been “‘recognized outside the context of straightforward transactions in which the triggering event for either a breach of a contract or for the accrual of a right is immediate and obvious.’” (Id. at p. 1223, quoting Moreno v. Sanchez (2003) 106 Cal.App.4th 1415, 1430.) In Fisher v. MoneyGram International, Inc. (2021) 66 Cal.App.5th 1084, 1105 (Fisher), the Court of Appeal found substantively unconscionable an arbitration provision’s one-year limitations period, which was “considerably shorter than the otherwise applicable four-year limitations period for the plaintiff’s UCL claim and was inherently one-sided against complaining consumers.” And, in Magno v. The College Network, Inc. (2016) 1 Cal.App.5th 277 (Magno), the court observed, “An arbitral limitations period that is shorter than the otherwise applicable period is one factor that supports a finding of substantive unconscionability.” (Id. at p. 291 [arbitration provision was substantively unconscionable where, among other things, it required all claims to be filed within a year of accrual].)

 

 

(…) (See Magno, supra, 1 Cal.App.5th at pp. 288–289 [requiring college-aged students to travel from San Diego to Indiana to arbitrate claims against a company that solicited their business in California was substantively unconscionable]; Lhotka, supra, 181 Cal.App.4th 816, 825 [requiring residents of Colorado to mediate and arbitrate in San Francisco contributed to the substantive unconscionability of the arbitration clause].)

 

 

 

 

(California Court of Appeal, Feb. 28, 2023, Gostev v. Skillz Platform, Inc., Docket No. A164407, Certified for Publication)

Wednesday, September 7, 2016

Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, Mohamed v. Uber Technologies, Inc., Docket 15-16178, 15-16250, for publication, opinion by Judge Richard Clifton


Arbitration: Class action: Uber: Arbitrability: Unconscionability: Venue: Arbitration (effective vindication doctrine): Effective vindication doctrine: Promise (illusory promise):

Plaintiff-Appellees Abdul Mohamed and Ronald Gillette, former Uber drivers, filed an action in district court alleging on behalf of themselves and a proposed class of other drivers that Defendants Uber Technologies, Inc., Rasier, LLC, and Hirease, LLC, violated the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) and various state statutes. Gillette has also brought a representative claim against Uber under California’s Private Attorneys General Act of 2004 (PAGA) alleging that he was misclassified as an independent contractor rather than an employee. The district court denied Uber’s motion to compel arbitration of the claims. Mohamed v. Uber Technologies, 109 F. Supp. 3d 1185 (N.D. Cal. 2015). Uber argues on appeal (1) that the district court erroneously considered whether the arbitration provisions were enforceable when that question was clearly delegated to an arbitrator, and (2) that even if the district court properly considered arbitrability, it erred in concluding that the arbitration provisions were invalid and in declining to compel arbitration.

We conclude that the district court erred at the first step and improperly assumed the authority to decide whether the arbitration agreements were enforceable. The question of arbitrability as to all but Gillette’s PAGA claims was delegated to the arbitrator. Under the terms of the agreement Gillette signed, the PAGA waiver should be severed from the arbitration agreement and Gillette’s PAGA claims may proceed in court on a representative basis. All of Plaintiffs’ remaining arguments, including both Mohamed’s challenge to the PAGA waiver in the agreement he signed and the challenge by both Plaintiffs to the validity of the arbitration agreement itself, are subject to resolution via arbitration.

In late October 2014, shortly after he began driving for UberX, Mohamed’s access to the app was cut off due to negative information on his consumer credit report,
effectively terminating his ability to drive for Uber.

On November 24, 2014, Mohamed filed a class action in the Northern District of California against Uber, Rasier, and Hirease, an independent company that conducted background checks. Mohamed alleged that the use of his consumer credit report violated the FCRA, the Massachusetts Consumer Credit Reporting Act (MCCRA), and the California Consumer Credit Reporting Agencies Act (CCRAA).

(…) also alleged that Uber had misclassified him and other employees as independent contractors in violation of California’s PAGA statute.

Uber moved to compel arbitration.

The district court denied (…) motions, Mohamed, 109 F. Supp. 3d at 1190, and Uber now appeals.

We review de novo an order denying a motion to compel arbitration. Oracle Am., Inc. v. Myriad Grp. A.G., 724 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir. 2013).

The district court concluded that the delegation clauses in both the 2013 and the 2014 Agreements were ineffective because they were not clear and unmistakable. Mohamed, 109 F. Supp. 3d at 1198–1204. The court also concluded that even if the delegation clauses were clear and unmistakable, they were unenforceable because they were unconscionable. Id. at 1204–16. We disagree.

The 2013 Agreement clearly and unmistakably delegated the question of arbitrability to the arbitrator except as pertained to the arbitrability of class action, collective action, and representative claims. The 2014 Agreement clearly and unmistakably delegated the question of arbitrability to the arbitrator under all circumstances. Neither delegation provision was unconscionable. Thus, all of Plaintiffs’ challenges to the enforceability of the arbitration agreement should have been adjudicated in the first instance by an arbitrator and not in court.

“Unlike the arbitrability of claims in general, whether the court or the arbitrator decides arbitrability is ‘an issue for judicial determination unless the parties clearly and unmistakably provide otherwise.’” Oracle Am., 724 F.3d at 1072 (quoting Howsam v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 537 U.S. 79, 83 (2002)). “In other words, there is a presumption that courts will decide which issues are arbitrable; the federal policy in favor of arbitration does not extend to deciding questions of arbitrability.” Id. Clear and unmistakable evidence of an agreement to arbitrate arbitrability “might include . . . a course of conduct demonstrating assent . . . or . . . an express agreement to do so.” Momot v. Mastro, 652 F.3d 982, 988 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting Rent-A-Ctr., W., Inc. v. Jackson, 561 U.S. 63, 79–80 (2010) (Stevens, J., dissenting)).

Here, both the 2013 and the 2014 Agreements delegated to the arbitrators the authority to decide issues relating to the “enforceability, revocability or validity of the Arbitration Provision or any portion of the Arbitration Provision.” This language (…)  “clearly and unmistakably indicates the parties’ intent for the arbitrators to decide the threshold question of arbitrability.”

(…) (Fn. 4, p. 12: The arbitration agreements may not have clearly and unmistakably delegated to the arbitrator the authority to decide the question of waiver by litigation conduct. See Martin v. Yasuda, No. 15-55696, 2016 WL 3924381, at *5 (9th Cir. July 21, 2016). But that question is not at issue in this litigation).

The district court determined that the delegation provisions themselves were “unambiguous,” but it nonetheless held that they conflicted with venue provisions
elsewhere in the 2013 and 2014 Agreements. Mohamed, 109 F. Supp. 3d at 1199. Both venue provisions stated that “any disputes, actions, claims, or causes of action arising out of or in connection with this Agreement or the Uber Service or Software shall be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state and federal courts located in the City and County of San Francisco.” These conflicts are artificial. The clause describing the scope of the arbitration provision was prefaced with “except as it otherwise provides,” which eliminated the inconsistency between the general delegation provision and the specific carve-out in the 2013 Agreement. As for the venue provision, the California Court of Appeal has observed that “no matter how broad the arbitration clause, it may be necessary to file an action in court to enforce an arbitration agreement, or to obtain a judgment enforcing an arbitration award, and the parties may need to invoke the jurisdiction of a court to obtain other remedies.” Dream Theater, Inc. v. Dream Theater, 21 Cal. Rptr. 3d 322, 328 (Cal. Ct. App. 2004), as modified on denial of reh’g (Dec. 28, 2004). It is apparent that the venue provision here was intended for these purposes, and to identify the venue for any other claims that were not covered by the arbitration agreement. That does not conflict with or undermine the agreement’s unambiguous statement identifying arbitrable claims and arguments. The delegation provisions clearly and unmistakably delegated the question of arbitrability to the arbitrator for all claims except challenges to the class, collective, and representative action waivers in the 2013 Agreement. In accordance with Supreme Court precedent, we are required to enforce these agreements “according to their terms” and, in the absence of some other generally applicable contract defense, such as fraud, duress, or unconscionability, let an arbitrator determine arbitrability as to all but the claims specifically exempted by the 2013 Agreement. Rent-A-Ctr., 561 U.S. at 67.

The district court also held that, even if the delegation provisions were clear and unmistakable, they were both unenforceable due to unconscionability. Mohamed, 109 F. Supp. 3d at 1204–16. Under California law, “‘unconscionability has both a ‘procedural’ and a ‘substantive’ element,’ the former focusing on ‘oppression’
or ‘surprise’ due to unequal bargaining power, the latter on ‘overly harsh’ or ‘one-sided’ results.” Armendariz v. Found. Health Psychcare Servs., Inc., 6 P.3d 669, 690 (Cal. 2000) (quoting A & M Produce Co. v. FMC Corp., 186 Cal. Rptr.
114, 121–22 (Cal. Ct. App. 1982)). Both substantive and procedural unconscionability must be present in order for a court to find a contract unconscionable, but “they need not be present in the same degree.” Id. Recently, the California Supreme Court has emphasized that “unconscionability requires a substantial degree of unfairness beyond ‘a simple old-fashioned bad bargain.’” Baltazar v. Forever 21, Inc., 367 P.3d 6, 12 (Cal. 2016) (quoting Sonic-Calabasas A, Inc. v. Moreno, 311 P.3d 184, 291 (Cal. 2013)). Rather, unconscionable contracts are those that are “so one-sided as to ‘shock the conscience.’” Id. at 11 (quoting Pinnacle Museum Tower Assn. v. Pinnacle Mkt. Dev. (US), LLC, 282 P.3d 1217, 1232 (Cal. 2012)). When considering an
unconscionability challenge to a delegation provision, the court must consider only arguments “specific to the delegation provision.” Rent-A-Ctr., 561 U.S. at 73.

In Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Ahmed, we held that an arbitration agreement is not adhesive if there is an opportunity to opt out of it. 283 F.3d 1198, 1199 (9th Cir. 2002); see also Kilgore v. KeyBank, Nat. Ass’n, 718 F.3d 1052, 1059 (9th Cir. 2013) (en banc).

(…) compel us to find that the 2014 Agreement, at least, is not adhesive, which
supports our holding that the delegation provision is not unconscionable.

The district court’s conclusion that the right to opt out of the 2013 Agreement was illusory fares no better. “An illusory promise is one containing words ‘in promissory form that promise nothing’ and which ‘do not purport to put any limitation on the freedom of the alleged promisor.’” Flores v. Am. Seafoods Co., 335 F.3d 904, 912 (9th Cir. 2003) (quoting 2 Corbin on Contracts 142 (rev. ed. 1995)). While we do not doubt that it was more burdensome to opt out of the arbitration provision by overnight delivery service than it would have been by e-mail, the contract bound Uber to accept opt-outs from those drivers who followed the procedure it set forth. There were some drivers who did opt out and whose opt-outs Uber recognized. Thus, the promise was not illusory. The fact that the opt-out provision was “buried in the agreement” does not change this analysis. Mohamed, 109 F.Supp. 3d at 1205. As we noted in Ahmed, “one who signs a contract is bound by its provisions and cannot complain of unfamiliarity with the language of the instrument.” 283 F.3d at 1200 (quoting Madden v. Kaiser Found. Hosps., 552 P.2d 1178, 1185 (Cal. 1976)).

The delegation provisions were not procedurally unconscionable in either the 2013 or the 2014 Agreements. Because the agreements were not procedurally unconscionable, and because both procedural and substantive unconscionability must be present in order for an agreement to be unenforceable, see Armendariz, 6 P.3d at 690, we need not reach the question whether the agreements here were
substantively unconscionable.

The effective vindication doctrine: Plaintiffs also argue that even if the delegation provisions are otherwise enforceable, they are invalid because both the 2013 and 2014 Agreements contain a fee term requiring drivers to split the costs of arbitration equally with Uber and thus preclude drivers from effectively vindicating their federal statutory rights. Effective vindication provides courts with a means to “invalidate, on ‘public policy’ grounds, arbitration agreements that ‘operate . . . as a prospective waiver of a party’s right to pursue statutory remedies.’” Am. Exp. Co. v. Italian Colors Rest., 133 S. Ct. 2304, 2310 (2013) (quoting Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 473 U.S. 614, 637 n. 19 (1985)). In Italian Colors, the Supreme Court stated that effective vindication may “cover filing and administrative fees attached to arbitration that are so high as to make access to the forum impracticable.” Id. at 2310–11; see also Chavarria v. Ralphs Grocery Co., 733 F.3d 916, 927 (9th Cir. 2013) (finding that the effective vindication doctrine was implicated when “administrative and filing costs, even disregarding the cost to prove the merits, effectively foreclose pursuit of the claim”).


(Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, Mohamed v. Uber Technologies, Inc., Docket 15-16178, 15-16250, for publication, opinion by Judge Richard Clifton, Sept. 7, 2016).


Arbitrage, affaire Uber : deux anciens chauffeurs d’Uber ont ouvert action notamment contre Uber devant une cour de district fédérale, concluant, pour eux-mêmes et pour une classe proposée d’autres chauffeurs, à la violation de FCRA et de diverses autres lois californiennes. Un des demandeurs a également déposé son action sous l’autorité de PGA, soutenant qu’il avait à tort été classifié comme indépendant au lieu de salarié. La cour de district a rejeté la requête d’Uber, qui sollicitait une décision ordonnant arbitrage.

Le 9è Circuit fédéral conclut que la cour de district s’est à tort déclarée compétente pour décider si la clause d’arbitrage devait s’appliquer. La question de l’arbitrabilité des prétentions des demandeurs a été valablement déléguée à l’instance arbitrale (sauf les prétentions selon PAGA, qui peuvent être séparées des autres prétentions et portées à la connaissance de la cour et non de l’arbitre).

La cour d’appel fédérale revoit de novo une ordonnance rejetant une requête concluant à l’incompétence de la cour de district et sollicitant arbitrage (Oracle Am., Inc. v. Myriad Grp. A.G., 724 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir. 2013)).

La cour de district a jugé que les clauses d’arbitrage dans les deux contrats litigieux étaient sans effet, considérant qu’elles n’étaient pas claires et qu’elles étaient susceptibles d’induire en erreur. Et en outre, même si ces clauses étaient claires et insusceptibles d’induire en erreur, elles ne pouvaient être appliquées considérant qu’elles étaient déraisonnables. Le 9è Circuit rejette cette analyse.

A la différence de l’arbitrabilité des prétentions des parties, savoir si la question de l’arbitrabilité elle-même relève de la compétence du Tribunal ou de l’arbitre est décidée par le Tribunal, sauf si les parties ont disposé autrement, de manière claire et insusceptible d’erreur. En d’autres termes, le Tribunal est présumé compétent pour dire quelles prétentions sont arbitrables et quelles prétentions ne le sont pas. La politique fédérale en faveur de l’arbitrage ne s’étend pas à la décisions de questions d’arbitrabilité.

La preuve claire et insusceptible d’erreur de l’existence d’une clause arbitrale stipulant que l’arbitrabilité est soumise à l’arbitre demande d ’établir l’ensemble du comportement des parties démontrant leur accord à ce sujet ou demande de  produire si possible un accord exprès à ce sujet.

En l’espèce, les deux contrats litigieux délèguent à l’arbitre la compétence de répondre aux questions liées à l’exécution, à la révocabilité, ou à la validité de la clause arbitrale ou d’une partie de dite clause. Cette formulation indique clairement et sans erreur l’intention des parties de confier à l’arbitre la compétence de se prononcer sur la question seuil de l’arbitrabilité.

Dans sa décision rendue en première instance, la cour de district fédérale a jugé que les clauses d’arbitrage litigieuses étaient dépourvues d’ambiguïté, mais qu’elles créaient cependant un conflit avec une autre clause relative à la cour localement compétente, laquelle clause prévoit que tous litiges, actions, prétentions découlant du contrat ou liés au contrat sont de la compétence exclusive des cours californiennes ou fédérales sises dans la municipalité ou dans le comté de San Francisco. Le 9è Circuit juge en l’espèce que ce conflit est artificiel : la clause relative à l’étendue de l’arbitrage est préfacée par l’adjonction « sauf si le présent contrat en dispose autrement », ce qui élimine l’inconsistance entre la clause générale d’arbitrage et le prétendu conflit qui résulterait de l’attribution de compétence précitée aux cours étatiques. Et en effet, peu importe l’étendue de la clause d’arbitrage : il peut être nécessaire de saisir la justice étatique pour contraindre la mise en œuvre de la procédure arbitrale, pour obtenir l’exécution de la sentence arbitrale, ou pour obtenir d’autres décisions inhérentes à une procédure arbitrale. Il apparaît ainsi que la clause relative à la compétence des cours étatiques a été établie pour les raisons précitées, et pour déterminer la cour compétente pour toutes prétentions exorbitant la clause d’arbitrage. Le 9è Circuit se doit d’exécuter les contrats litigieux et les clauses d’arbitrage qu’ils contiennent à la lumière d’une interprétation littérale, et en l’absence d’un moyen de défense contractuel tel que le dol, le caractère léonin ou sérieusement déraisonnable, se doit de laisser l’arbitre se déterminer s’agissant de la question seuil de l’arbitrabilité des diverses prétentions qui ne sont pas exclues de la procédure arbitrale.

Dans un considérant additionnel, la cour de district fédérale a jugé que même si les clauses d’arbitrage étaient claires est insusceptibles d’erreur, elles devaient être tenues comme non exécutoires en raison de leur caractère sérieusement déraisonnable (« unconscionable »). Selon le droit californien, « unconscionability » contient un élément procédural et un élément substantif. Celui-là examine l’oppression ou la surprise dues à un pouvoir de négociation inégal, tandis que celui-ci examine le résultat trop rigoureux au détriment de l’une des parties ou par trop à l’avantage de l’une des parties. Pour permettre à un Tribunal de juger un contrat « unconscionable », l’élément procédural et l’élément substantif doivent être tous deux présents, mais ces deux éléments ne doivent pas nécessairement être de même degré. Récemment, la Cour Suprême de Californie a jugé que la notion de « unconscionability » exige un degré substantiel d’inéquité au-delà d’une simple convention défavorable. Bien plutôt, les contrats « unconscionable » sont ceux à ce point à l’avantage de l’une des parties que la conscience en est choquée.

Dans une décision de 2002, le 9è Circuit a disposé qu’une clause d’arbitrage ne vaut pas contrat d’adhésion si la convention prévoit la possibilité de choisir de ne pas adhérer à dite clause d’arbitrage (« opt out »).

(…) Si un contrat litigieux qui contient une clause d’arbitrage n’est pas un contrat d’adhésion, la cour jugera plus facilement que dite clause n’est pas « unconscionable ».

Le 9è Circuit conteste également la conclusion de la cour de district qui a jugé que le droit d’ « opt out » de la clause d’arbitrage est d’application illusoire. Une promesse illusoire (« illusory promise ») contient des termes en forme certes de promesse, mais qui finalement ne promettent rien, en ce sens qu’ils ne placent aucune limitation à la liberté de celui qui prétend promettre (cf. Flores v. Am. Seafoods Co., 335 F.3d 904, 912 (9th Cir. 2003) (quoting 2 Corbin on Contracts 142 (rev. ed. 1995)). En l’espèce, il était certes contraignant d’écarter la clause d’arbitrage par un courrier qui devait, selon le contrat, être envoyé au cocontractant à très brève échéance. Mais la messagerie électronique pouvait aussi, selon dit contrat, être utilisée, et ce contrat contraignait Uber à accepter et à donner suite aux notifications de sortie de clause qui lui parvenaient selon les formes prévues par le contrat. Certains chauffeurs avaient notifié leur volonté de sortir de la clause, volonté qu’Uber a respecté. Ainsi, la promesse n’était pas illusoire. Le fait que la provision « opt out » était enfouie dans le contrat ne modifie pas l’analyse précitée. En effet, celui qui signe un contrat est lié par ses termes et ne peut pas soutenir être peu familier avec dits termes.

La clause d’arbitrage n’est en l’espèce pas procéduralement  « unconscionable ». Et comme un contrat, pour être inexécutoire, doit être à la fois procéduralement et substantiellement « unconscionable », le 9è Circuit peut se passer d’analyser l’ « unconscionability » substantielle.

(…) Doctrine de la revendication effective : les demandeurs allèguent par ailleurs que même si les clauses d’arbitrage étaient de manière générale exécutoires, elles seraient tout de même invalides du fait que les contrats litigieux contiennent une disposition sur les frais prévoyant le partage par moitié des coûts d’arbitrage, soit entre le chauffeur et Uber respectivement. De la sorte, cette règle de partage des frais empêcherait les chauffeurs de faire valoir effectivement leurs revendications  découlant du droit fédéral. Selon la jurisprudence, la doctrine de la revendication effective confère aux Tribunaux un moyen d’invalider, pour des raisons d’intérêt public, une clause d’arbitrage qui s’analyse en une renonciation anticipée à faire valoir des droits découlant de la loi (Am. Exp. Co. v. Italian Colors Rest., 133 S. Ct. 2304, 2310 (2013) (quoting Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 473 U.S. 614, 637 n. 19 (1985)). Dite doctrine peut s’appliquer si les coûts de l’arbitrage sont tellement élevés qu’ils ne permettent pas à une partie d’introduire et de conduire la procédure.