Recusal : of a judge : The Due Process Clause
incorporated the common-law rule requiring recusal when a judge has “a direct,
personal, substantial, pecuniary interest” in a case, Tumey v. Ohio,
273 U. S. 510, 523, but this Court has also identified additional instances
which, as an objective matter, require recusal where “the probability of actual
bias on the part of the judge or decisionmaker is too high to be
constitutionally tolerable,”(…) that “every procedure which would offer a
possible temptation to the average man as a judge to forget the burden of proof
required to convict the defendant, or which might lead him not to hold the
balance nice, clear and true between the State and the accused, denies the
latter due process of law.”(…) The proper constitutional inquiry was not
“whether in fact the justice was influenced,” id., at 825, but
“whether sitting on that case . . . ‘ “would offer a possible temptation to
the average . . . judge to . . . lead him not to hold the balance nice, clear
and true,” ’ ” ibid. While the “degree or kind of interest . . .
sufficient to disqualify a judge . . . ‘could not be defined with precision,
’ ” id., at 822, the test did have an objective component (…) the Court
noted that the objective inquiry is not whether the judge is actually biased,
but whether the average judge in his position is likely to be neutral or there
is an unconstitutional “ ‘potential for bias (…) The proper inquiry centers on
the contribution’s relative size in comparison to the total amount contributed
to the campaign, the total amount spent in the election, and the apparent
effect of the contribution on the outcome (…) And because the States may have
codes of conduct with more rigorous recusal standards than due process
requires, most recusal disputes will be resolved without resort to the
Constitution, making the constitutional standard’s application rare (U.S.S.Ct., 08.06.09,
Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co., J. Kennedy).
Monday, June 8, 2009
Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.
U.S. v. Denedo
Writ: a petition for a writ of coram nobis under
the authority of the All Writs Act, asking the NMCCA to vacate the conviction
it had earlier affirmed on the ground that his guilty plea resulted from
ineffective assistance of counsel, who had assured him his plea bargain carried
no risk of deportation; as recognized by the All Writs Act—which permits
“courts established by Act of Congress” to issue “all writs necessary or
appropriate in aid of their respective jurisdictions,” 28 U. S. C. §1651(a)—a
court’s power to issue any form of relief, extraordinary or otherwise, is
contingent on its subject-matter jurisdiction over the case or controversy.
Such jurisdiction is determined by Congress (U.S.S.Ct., 08.06.09, U.S. v.
Denedo, J. Kennedy).
Notion de
“writ”, compris comme ordre de la cour aux fins d’assurer l’effectivité d’une
décision qui ressort de sa compétence. La cour peut ainsi rendre les
ordonnances qu’elle estime nécessaires à la bonne administration de sa justice,
mais uniquement dans le cadre des compétences quant au fond que le Congrès lui
a attribuées (28 U.S.C. §1651(a)).
U.S. ex rel. Eisenstein v. City of New York
False Claims Act (FCA): petitioner filed this qui
tam action in the name of the United States against respondent city and
several of its officials under the False Claims Act (FCA), 31 U. S. C. §3729.
The Government declined to exercise its statutory right to intervene; when the
United States has declined to intervene in a privately initiated FCA action, it
is not a “party” to the litigation for purposes of either §2107 or Rule 4; indeed,
intervention is the requisite method for a nonparty to become a party (U.S.S.Ct.,
08.06.09, U.S. ex rel. Eisenstein v. City of New York, J. Thomas, unanimous).
Le requérant actionne, au nom des Etats-Unis, la ville X. et certains de
ses employés. Puis le Gouvernement fédéral fait savoir qu’il n’exercera pas son
droit d’intervention au procès. De la sorte, lorsque le Gouvernement fédéral a
renoncé à son droit d’intervention dans un procès FCA initié par une partie
privée, le Gouvernement ne peut pas être considéré comme une partie au procès.
S’applique le principe général selon lequel l’intervention au sens du droit de
procédure est la méthode requise permettant d’acquérir la qualité de partie au
procès.
Monday, June 1, 2009
Bobby v. Bies
Issue preclusion: the
doctrine bars relitigation of issues actually determined and necessary to the
ultimate outcome of a prior proceeding (U.S.S.Ct., 01.06.09, Bobby v. Bies, J.
Ginsburg, unanimous).
La notion
d’”issue preclusion” empêche de porter à nouveau en justice des questions déterminées
dont la solution était nécessaire au
jugement final d’une précédente procédure.
CSX Transp., Inc. v. Hensley
Asbestos : cf. Federal Employers’ Liability Act (FELA) (U.S.S.Ct., 01.06.09, CSX
Transp., Inc. v. Hensley, Per Curiam).
Amiante.
CSX v. Hensley
Federal Employers’ Liability Act (FELA): Norfolk
presented the question whether a plaintiff who has asbestosis but not cancer
can recover damages for fear of cancer under the FELA without proof of physical
manifestations of the claimed emotional distress. Our answer is yes, with an
important reservation. We affirm only the qualification of an asbestosis
sufferer to seek compensation for fear of cancer as an element of his
asbestosis-related pain and suffering damages. It is incumbent upon such a
complainant, however, to prove that his alleged fear is genuine and serious; when
this Court in Ayers held that certain FELA plaintiffs can recover based
on their fear of developing cancer, it struck a delicate balance between
plaintiffs and defendants—and it did so against the backdrop of systemic
difficulties posed by the “elephantine mass of asbestos cases.” Id., at
166 (internal quotation marks omitted). Jury instructions stating the proper
standard for fear-of cancer damages were part of that balance, id., at
159, n. 19, and courts must give such instructions upon a defendant’s request (U.S.S.Ct.,
01.06.09, CSX v. Hensley, Per Curiam).
Loi sur la
responsabilité des employeurs fédéraux : un demandeur qui souffre de la
maladie asbestosis mais non pas de cancer peut-il prétendre à des
dommages-intérêts fondés sur la crainte de développer un cancer, cela en
l’absence de preuve de manifestations physiques de sa détresse
émotionnelle ? La réponse est affirmative, mais assortie d’une importante
réserve. Il incombe au demandeur de prouver que sa crainte alléguée est
authentique et sérieuse. Les conditions – favorables au demandeur – permettant
d’obtenir des dommages-intérêts doivent être communiquées au jury dans le cadre
des instructions qui lui sont données, mais cette communication n’est à faire
que si le demandeur la sollicite.
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