Thursday, June 15, 2017

Ryan v. Rosenfeld, S232582


Appeal: Dismissal: Motion to vacate: Postjudgment orders:



Is the denial of a motion to vacate the judgment under Code of Civil Procedure section 663 separately appealable?

Section 663 of the Code of Civil Procedure allows an aggrieved party in a civil case to move the trial court to vacate its final judgment. The question in this case is whether an order denying one of those motions is appealable even if it raises issues that could have been litigated via an appeal of the judgment. We answered yes to this question over a century ago. (See Bond v. United Railroads (1911) 159 Cal. 270, 273 (Bond).) Bond held that the statute authorizing appeals of postjudgment orders covered denials of section 663 motions.

The current version of that statute allows for the appeal of an order made after an appealable judgment. (Code Civ. Proc., § 904.1, subd. (a)(2).)

Orders denying motions to vacate under section 663 fit that description, and this court has always interpreted the language currently found in section 904.1, subdivision (a)(2), to make appealable all section 663 denials. The Legislature has done nothing to undermine or overturn that interpretation despite enacting over a dozen other changes to this very statutory scheme. So the rule announced in Bond remains valid.

(Here Ryan later filed a notice of appeal for both the order dismissing the case and the order denying his motion to vacate the judgment).

(Rosenfeld has argued in this court that Ryan‘s motion to vacate was improper because the motion did not seek entry of a judgment different from the one that was entered. We do not address this question, which may bear on whether Ryan filed a proper section 663 motion. The Court of Appeal may address the question on remand – fn. 1).



Secondary sources: Witkin, Cal. Procedure (5th ed. 2008) Appeal, § 200, p. 277; Eisenberg et al., Cal. Practice Guide: Civil Appeals and Writs (2014), p. 2-123.



(Cal.S.C. June 15, 2017, Ryan v. Rosenfeld, S232582).



Un jugement civil est entré en force, puis la partie perdante demande son annulation, par exemple par le biais d'une "motion to vacate" (Section 663 du Code californien de procédure civile). Si le Juge rejette dite motion, un appel peut-il être déposé (au sens de la Section 904.1, subd. (a)(2) du Code) ? La réponse est affirmative, même si les arguments à l'appui de l'appel auraient pu être plaidés dans le cadre d'un appel contre le premier jugement, entré en force. Plus généralement, tous les rejets de requêtes selon la Section 663 peuvent faire l'objet d'un appel.

Tel en a décidé la Cour Suprême de Californie dans une décision de 1911 déjà, confirmée ici, et qui n'a pas été modifiée à ce jour. Le législateur n'est pour sa part pas intervenu à cet égard.

Monday, June 12, 2017

Henson v. Santander Consumer USA Inc., Docket 16-349


Debt collection:


The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act: who exactly qualifies as a “debt collector” subject to the Act’s rigors?
1 ) someone hired by a creditor to collect an outstanding debt.
2 ) But what if you purchase a debt and then try to collect it for yourself—does that make you a “debt collector” too? The answer is no.

(…) Statutory language defining the term “debt collector”: anyone who “regularly collects or attempts to collect . . . debts owed or due . . . another.” 15 U. S. C. §1692a(6).

In the very definitional section where we now find ourselves working, Congress expressly differentiated between a person “who offers” credit (the originator) and a person “to whom a debt is owed” (the present debt owner). §1692a(4). Elsewhere, Congress recognized the distinction between a debt “origi­nated by” the collector and a debt “owed or due” another. §1692a(6)(F)(ii). And elsewhere still, Congress drew a line between the “original” and “current” creditor. §1692g(a)(5). Yet no similar distinction can be found in the language now before us. To the contrary, the statutory text at issue speaks not at all about originators and cur­rent debt owners but only about whether the defendant seeks to collect on behalf of itself or “another.” And, usually at least, when we’re engaged in the business of interpret­ing statutes we presume differences in language like this convey differences in meaning. See, e.g., Loughrin v. United States, 573 U. S. ___, ___ (2014).


(U.S.S.C., June 12, 2017, Henson v. Santander Consumer USA Inc., Docket 16-349, J Gorsuch, unanimous).


Recouvrement de créances. La loi fédérale sur le recouvrement équitable des créances, qui prévoit des pénalités sévères à l'encontre de celui qui ne s'y conforme pas, s'applique à celui qui recouvre pour un tiers, mais pas à celui qui recouvre pour lui-même ni à celui qui recouvre pour lui-même une créance acquise d'un tiers créancier.

La présente décision est la première rendue par le Juge Gorsuch.

Henson v. Santander Consumer USA Inc., Docket 16-349


Possession (definition):


As a matter of ordinary English, the word “obtained” can (and often does) refer to taking possession of a piece of property without also tak­ing ownership—so, for example, you might obtain a rental car or a hotel room or an apartment. See, e.g., Oxford English Dictionary 669 (2d ed. 1989) (defining “obtain” to mean, among other things, “to come into the possession or enjoyment of (something) by one’s own effort or by request”); Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 568 U. S. 519, 532–533 (2013) (distinguishing between ownership and obtaining possession).


(U.S.S.C., June 12, 2017, Henson v. Santander Consumer USA Inc., Docket 16-349, J Gorsuch, unanimous).


Une définition de la notion de possession ("possession") au regard de la définition de la notion de propriété ("ownership").


Microsoft Corp. v. Baker, Docket 15-457


Class action: Class certification: Dismissal: Appeal: Art. III: (this is the concur. opinion).



The plaintiffs in this case, respondents here, sued Mi­crosoft, petitioner here, to recover damages after they purchased allegedly faulty video game consoles that Mi­crosoft manufactured. The plaintiffs brought claims for themselves (individual claims) and on behalf of a putative class of similarly situated consumers (class allegations). Early in the litigation, the District Court granted Mi­crosoft’s motion to strike the class allegations, effectively declining to certify the class. The Court of Appeals denied permission to appeal that decision under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(f), which requires a party to obtain permission from the court of appeals before appealing a decision regarding class certification.

The plaintiffs decided not to pursue their individual claims, instead stipulating to a voluntary dismissal of those claims with prejudice. They then filed a notice of appeal from the voluntary dismissal order. On appeal, they did not ask the Court of Appeals to reverse the Dis­trict Court’s dismissal of their individual claims. They instead asked the Court of Appeals to reverse the order striking their class allegations. The question presented in this case is whether the Court of Appeals had jurisdiction to hear the appeal under both §1291, which grants appel­late jurisdiction to the courts of appeals over “final deci­sions” by district courts, and under Article III of the Con­stitution, which limits the jurisdiction of federal courts to “cases” and “controversies.”

The Court today holds that the Court of Appeals lacked jurisdiction under §1291 because the voluntary dismissal with prejudice did not result in a “final decision.” I disagree with that holding. A decision is “final” for purposes of §1291 if it “ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment.” Catlin v. United States, 324 U. S. 229, 233 (1945). The order here dismissed all of the plaintiffs’ claims with prejudice and left nothing for the District Court to do but execute the judgment. See App. to Pet. for Cert. 39a (“directing the Clerk to enter Judgment . . . and close the case”).

I agree that the plaintiffs could not appeal in these circum­stances. In my view, they could not appeal because the Court of Appeals lacked jurisdiction under Article III of the Constitution. The “judicial Power” of the United States extends only to “Cases” and “Controversies.” Art. III, §2. This requirement limits the jurisdiction of the federal courts to issues presented “in an adversary con­text,” Flast v. Cohen, 392 U. S. 83, 95 (1968), in which the parties maintain an “actual” and “concrete” interest, Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez, 577 U. S. ___, ___ (2016) (slip op., at 6). Put another way, “Article III denies federal courts the power to decide questions that cannot affect the rights of litigants in the case before them, and confines them to resolving real and substantial controversies admitting of specific relief through a decree of a conclusive character.” Lewis v. Continental Bank Corp., 494 U. S. 472, 477 (1990).

The plaintiffs’ appeal from their voluntary dismissal did not satisfy this jurisdictional requirement. When the plaintiffs asked the District Court to dismiss their claims, they consented to the judgment against them and disavowed any right to relief from Microsoft. The parties thus were no longer adverse to each other on any claims, and the Court of Appeals could not “affect their rights” in any legally cognizable manner. Indeed, it has long been the rule that a party may not appeal from the voluntary dismissal of a claim, since the party consented to the judgment against it. See, e.g., Evans v. Phillips, 4 Wheat. 73 (1819); Lord v. Veazie, 8 How. 251, 255–256 (1850); United States v. Babbitt, 104 U. S. 767 (1882); Deakins v. Monaghan, 484 U. S. 193, 199–200 (1988).

The plaintiffs contend that their interest in reversing the order striking their class allegations is sufficient to satisfy Article III’s case-or-controversy requirement, but they misunderstand the status of putative class actions. Class allegations, without an underlying individual claim, do not give rise to a “case” or “controversy.” Those allega­tions are simply the means of invoking a procedural mechanism that enables a plaintiff to litigate his individ­ual claims on behalf of a class. See Shady Grove Orthope­dic Associates, P. A. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 559 U. S. 393, 408 (2010) (plurality opinion). Thus, because the Court of Appeals lacked Article III jurisdiction to adjudicate the individual claims, it could not hear the plaintiffs’ appeal of the order striking their class allegations.

Plaintiffs’ representation that they hope to “revive their individual claims should they prevail” on the appeal of the order striking their class allegations does not under­mine this conclusion. This Court has interpreted Article III “to demand that an ac­tual controversy be extant at all stages of review, not merely at the time the complaint is filed.” Campbell Ewald Co., supra, at ___ (slip op., at 6). And in any event, a favorable ruling on class certification would not “revive” their individual claims: A court’s decision about class allegations “in no way touches the merits” of those claims. Gardner v. Westinghouse Broadcasting Co., 437 U. S. 478, 482 (1978).



(U.S.S.C., June 12, 2017, Microsoft Corp. v. Baker, Docket 15-457, J. Thomas, with whom the C.J. and J. Alito join, concurring in the judgment).



L'opinion concurrente rendue par le Juge Thomas est d'intérêt :

Les demandeurs ont agi pour eux-mêmes et pour la classe formée des consommateurs dans la même situation qu'eux. En début de procédure, la cour de district fédérale, saisie d'une motion de la défenderesse, a refusé de certifier la classe. Saisie à son tour, la cour d'appel fédérale n'a pas autorisé le dépôt d'un appel, en application de la Règle 23(f) des Règles fédérales de procédure civile.

Les demandeurs ont alors décidé de ne pas poursuivre la procédure portant sur leurs prétentions individuelles, en notifiant une annulation volontaire de ces prétentions, "avec préjudice". Ils ont ensuite déposé un appel contre l'ordonnance d'annulation de la procédure. Ils n'ont pas demandé à la cour d'appel de renverser dite annulation de la procédure : ils ont demandé à dite cour de renverser l'ordonnance par laquelle la certification de classe était refusée. La question posée en l'espèce est dès lors celle de savoir si la cour d'appel fédérale est compétente pour connaître d'un appel sous l'angle de la Section 1291 (qui lui confère compétence dans les procédures contre les décisions finales rendues par les cours de district fédérales) et sous l'angle de l'Art. III de la Constitution fédérale, qui limite la compétence du système fédéral aux affaires litigieuses, le litige devant être actuel et susceptible d'être réglé par une décision judiciaire.

La Cour Suprême juge en l'espèce que la cour d'appel n'est pas compétente au sens de la Section 1291 parce que l'ordonnance d'annulation "avec préjudice" ne s'analyse pas en une décision finale. Le Juge Thomas conteste ce raisonnement. Selon lui, une décision est finale au sens de la Section 1291 si elle met fin à la procédure au fond, ne laissant à la cour aucune tâche, si ce n'est l'exécution de dite décision de clôture de procédure. Et en l'espèce, c'est justement ce qui est advenu.

Le Juge Thomas convient que les demandeurs ne pouvaient valablement appeler dans les circonstances de l'espèce. Mais, selon lui, ils ne le pouvaient parce que la cour d'appel n'était pas compétente au sens de l'Art. III de la Constitution fédérale. La compétence des cours fédérales ne s'étend qu'aux affaires litigieuses, présentant des intérêts actuels et concrets, susceptibles de résolution judiciaire, affectant les droits des parties.

L'appel des demandeurs contre la décision d'annulation qu'ils ont eux-mêmes sollicitée ne satisfait pas aux conditions posées par l'Art. III de la Constitution fédérale. En demandant à la cour de district fédérale d'annuler leurs prétentions contre M., ils ont de ce fait accepté la décision rendue contre eux et ont ainsi renoncé à l'ensemble de leurs prétentions contre M. Les parties n'étaient ainsi plus parties adverses, et la cour d'appel ne pouvait pas modifier le contenu de leurs droits. La jurisprudence a par ailleurs établi à cet égard qu'une partie ne saurait recourir contre l'annulation judiciaire volontaire d'une prétention.

C'est à tort que les demandeurs soutiennent que leur intérêt à l'annulation de l'ordonnance qui refusait de certifier la classe est un intérêt suffisant au sens de l'Art. III de la Constitution. En effet, les allégués dans la procédure de classe, sans une prétention individuelle sous-jacente, n'entrainent nullement l'existence d'une controverse au sens de l'Art. III. Ces allégués "de classe" ne sont que le moyen de recourir à un mécanisme procédural qui permet à un demandeur de porter en justice sa propre prétention au nom d'une classe. Comme la cour d'appel n'était pas compétente pour se saisir de prétentions individuelles, elle n'était pas compétente non plus pour connaître de l'appel contre l'ordonnance refusant de certifier la classe.

Les demandeurs se trompent en soutenant que leurs prétentions individuelles pourraient renaître en cas de succès de leur appel contre l'ordonnance précitée. L'art. III de la Constitution impose l'existence d'un litige à tous les stades de la procédure, et non seulement au moment du dépôt de la demande. Par surabondance, une décision certifiant la classe ne provoquerait aucune renaissance des prétentions individuelles : une décision judiciaire certifiant une classe est sans effet sur la question du mérite de prétentions individuelles.


Henson v. Santander Consumer USA Inc., Docket 16-349


Interpretation (statute):


(…) Our usual presumption that “identical words used in different parts of the same statute” carry “the same mean­ing.” IBP, Inc. v. Alvarez, 546 U. S. 21, 34 (2005).

(…) See Magwood v. Patterson, 561 U. S. 320, 334 (2010) (“We cannot replace the actual text with speculation as to Congress’ intent”).

(…) Legislation is, after all, the art of compromise, the limitations expressed in statutory terms often the price of passage, and no statute yet known “pur­sues its stated purpose at all costs.” Rodri­guez v. United States, 480 U. S. 522, 525-526 (1987) (per curiam).

(…) The legis­lature says . . . what it means and means . . . what it says. Dodd v. United States, 545 U. S. 353, 357 (2005).


Secondary sources: P. Peters, The Cambridge Guide to English Usage 409 (2004); B. Garner, Modern English Usage 666 (4th ed. 2016); Oxford English Dictionary 669 (2d ed. 1989).


(U.S.S.C., June 12, 2017, Henson v. Santander Consumer USA Inc., Docket 16-349, J Gorsuch, unanimous).


Interprétation littérale d'une loi au sens formel. Considération des termes voisins dans la même loi.

Monday, June 5, 2017

Kokesh v. SEC, Docket 16-529


SEC enforcement proceedings (disgorgement): Statute of limitations:



The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC or Commission) pos­sesses authority to investigate violations of federal securities laws and to commence enforcement actions in federal district court if its investigations uncover evidence of wrongdoing. Initially, the Com­mission’s statutory authority in enforcement actions was limited to seeking an injunction barring future violations. Beginning in the1970’s, federal district courts, at the request of the Commission, be­gan ordering disgorgement in SEC enforcement proceedings. Alt­hough Congress has since authorized the Commission to seek mone­tary civil penalties, the Commission has continued to seek disgorgement. This Court has held that 28 U. S. C. §2462, which es­tablishes a 5-year limitations period for “an action, suit or proceeding for the enforcement of any civil fine, penalty, or forfeiture,” applies when the Commission seeks monetary civil penalties. See Gabelli v. SEC, 568 U. S. 442, 454.

Because SEC disgorgement operates as a penalty under §2462, any claim for disgorgement in an SEC enforcement action must be commenced within five years of the date the claim accrued.

(Nothing in this opinion should be interpreted as an opinion on whether courts possess authority to order disgorgement in SEC en­forcement proceedings or on whether courts have properly applied disgorgement principles in this context. The sole question presented in this case is whether disgorgement, as applied in SEC enforcement actions, is subject to §2462’s limitations period).



Secondary sources: T. Hazen, Law of Secu­rities Regulation §1:37 (7th ed., rev. 2016).



(U.S.S.C., June 5, 2017, Kokesh v. SEC, Docket 16-529, J. Sotomayor, unanimous).



28 U. S. C. §2462 prévoit un délai de prescription de cinq ans pour saisir la cour de district fédérale en cas de violation du droit des securities. Le texte de la loi limite l'application de ce délai aux procédures de saisie et de recouvrement des amendes civiles et pénales. La jurisprudence a précisé que ce délai s'appliquait aussi à la saisine des cours de district fédérales en vue d'obtenir l'exécution des peines civiles souhaitées par la Securities and Exchange Commission. Par ailleurs, en l'espèce, la Cour juge que ce délai s'applique également aux procédures en remise initiées par la Commission. En effet, l'obligation de remise est de nature punitive, de sorte qu'elle trouve sa place dans le cadre de la section 2462.

La Cour ne juge pas ici la question de savoir si les cours de district fédérales sont compétentes pour ordonner la remise des profits dans le cadre de procédures initiées par la SEC.

Thursday, June 1, 2017

Insurable interest: Sales of goods: UCC § 2-501


Insurable interest: Sales of goods: UCC § 2-501:


Insurable Interest in Goods; Manner of Identification of Goods.

(1) The buyer obtains a special property and an insurable interest in goods by identification of existing goods as goods to which the contract refers even though the goods so identified are non-conforming and he has an option to return or reject them. Such identification can be made at any time and in any manner explicitly agreed to by the parties. In the absence of explicit agreement identification occurs

(a) when the contract is made if it is for the sale of goods already existing and identified;
(b) if the contract is for the sale of future goods other than those described in paragraph (c), when goods are shipped, marked or otherwise designated by the seller as goods to which the contract refers;
(c) when the crops are planted or otherwise become growing crops or the young are conceived if the contract is for the sale of unborn young to be born within twelve months after contracting or for the sale of crops to be harvested within twelve months or the next normal harvest season after contracting whichever is longer.

(2) The seller retains an insurable interest in goods so long as title to or any security interest in the goods remains in him and where the identification is by the seller alone he may until default or insolvency or notification to the buyer that the identification is final substitute other goods for those identified.

(3) Nothing in this section impairs any insurable interest recognized under any other statute or rule of law.


Le contrat de vente portant sur des "goods" n'est pas régi par la Common law, mais par l'UCC. La Section 2-501 définit la notion d'intérêt assurable. La disposition est importante en cas de transport de la chose vendue.