Wednesday, January 18, 2012

Golan v. Holder



Copyright: Sec­tion 514 of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA) grants copy­right protection to works protected in their country of origin, but lacking protection in the United States for any of three reasons: The United States did not protect works from the country of origin at the time of publication; The United States did not protect sound record­ings fixed before 1972; or the author had not complied with certain U. S. statutory formalities. Works encompassed by §514 are granted the protection they would have enjoyed had the United States main­tained copyright relations with the author’s country or removed for­malities incompatible with Berne. As a consequence of the barriers to U. S. copyright protection prior to §514’s enactment, foreign works “restored” to protection by the measure had entered the public do­main in this country. To cushion the impact of their placement in protected status, §514 provides ameliorating accommodations for parties who had exploited affected works before the URAA was enacted; Section 514 does not exceed Congress’ authority under the Copy­right Clause; the First Amendment does not inhibit the restoration author­ized by §514; the pathmarking Eldred decision is again instructive. There, the Court held that the CTEA’s enlargement of a copyright’s duration did not offend the First Amendment’s freedom of expression guaran­tee. Recognizing that some restriction on expression is the inherent and intended effect of every grant of copyright, the Court observed that the Framers regarded copyright protection not simply as a limit on the manner in which expressive works may be used, but also as an “engine of free expression.” 537 U. S., at 219. The “traditional con­tours” of copyright protection, i.e., the “idea/expression dichotomy” and the “fair use” defense, moreover, serve as “built-in First Amend­ment accommodations.” Ibid. Given the speech-protective purposes and safeguards embraced by copyright law, there was no call for the heightened review sought in Eldred. The Court reaches the same conclusion here. Section 514 leaves undisturbed the idea/expression distinction and the fair use defense. Moreover, Congress adopted measures to ease the transition from a national scheme to an inter­national copyright regime (U.S.S.Ct., 18.01.12, Golan v. Holder, J. Ginsburg).

Copyright : compatibilité d’une disposition des accords de l’Uruguay Round avec le principe de libre expression prévu par le Premier Amendement de la Constitution fédérale : la section 514 des accords de l’Uruguay Round accorde la protection du droit d’auteur en faveur d’œuvres qui sont protégées dans leurs pays d’origine mais qui ne sont pas protégées aux Etats-Unis. Le problème est en l’espèce le suivant : avant l’entrée en vigueur de la section 514, des œuvres protégées à l’étranger étaient tombées dans le domaine public aux Etats-Unis, faute de protection dans ce pays. La section 514 a accordé protection à ces œuvres lors de son entrée en vigueur. Mais la section 514 prévoit diverses mesures pour atténuer les effets de la protection ainsi octroyée, mesures en faveur des parties ayant exploité l’œuvre avant l’entrée en vigueur de la section 514. La section 514 n’excède pas les compétences du Congrès sous l’angle de la clause du droit d’auteur, ni plus généralement sous l’angle du Premier Amendement. Cet Amendement intègre la réglementation du droit d’auteur. Certaines restrictions à la liberté d’expression sont inhérentes à l’octroi d’un droit d’auteur. La section 514 ne modifie pas les conceptions traditionnelles du droit d’auteur (notion d’idée, d’expression, d’usage de bonne foi).

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